Sains Malaysiana 41(10)(2012): 1177–1185

Developing Priorities and Ranking for Suitable Forest Road Allocation Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Peninsular Malaysia

(Membangunkan Keutamaan dan Taraf untuk Perancangan Jalan Hutan Berasaskan

Proses Hierarki Analitik (AHP) di Semenanjung Malaysia)

K. Norizah & I. Mohd. Hasmadi*

Forest Surveying and Engineering Lab, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 8 Ogos 2011 / Diterima: 22 Mei 2012

ABSTRACT

In hilly forest area, aligning forest roads is the key towards an effective and sustainable forest management. Constraints in forest road planning are mainly due to environmental factors and topographical conditions. Selecting the criteria for planning forest road and setting the priorities, ranking them for environmental sustainability and reduce cost in road construction is important. Different criteria are required at different forest area since the quantifiable relationship between cause and effect to meet the goal are not comprehensively prioritized. In order to solve the problem, the relative importance factor from multi criteria basis, namely Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop priorities and rank a selected criterion for planning forest road in hilly area using AHP approach. Four criteria had been identified to meet the goal of suitable forest road allocation namely slope, river crossing, elevation and existing forest road. The suitable criteria selected were sorted with weight in ranking order to minimize the impact of timber harvesting. Our results showed that the priorities and ranking were as follows; slope (w = 0.558), followed by river crossing (w = 0.303), elevation (w = 0.095) and lastly existing forest road (w = 0.044), respectively. Therefore, the relative preference factor developed in this study can be used by the Forestry Department for formulating suitable forest road allocation in hilly area simultaneously to be integrated with geographic information system technology.

Keywords: Analytical hierarchy process; forest road planning; harvest planning; priorities criteria

ABSTRAK

Di kawasan hutan berbukit, penjajaran jalan hutan adalah faktor utama untuk mencapai pengurusan hutan yang berkesan. Masalah di dalam perancangan jalan hutan selalunya berkait dengan faktor alam sekitar dan keadaan topografi. Membuat pilihan bagi beberapa kriteria tertentu untuk mengurangkan kos perancangan adalah perlu. Kriteria yang berbeza diperlukan untuk kawasan hutan yang berlainan kerana hubungannya dikaitkan dengan sebab dan akibat tidak selalunya diberi keutamaan secara komprehensif untuk mencapai objektif pengurusan. Maka untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini, faktor-faktor relatif yang penting telah dinilai berasaskan kriteria iaitu Proses Hierarki Analitik (AHP). Objektif kajian ini ialah untuk membangunkan keutamaan dan taraf beberapa kriteria yang telah dipilih untuk perancangan jalan hutan di kawasan berbukit menggunakan pendekatan AHP. Empat kriteria telah dikenal pasti untuk mencapai objektif penjajaran jalan hutan yang bersesuaian iaitu cerun, lintasan sungai, ketinggian dan jalan hutan yang sedia ada. Kriteria yang bersesuaian telah disusun mengikut berat keutamaan dalam susunan yang teratur untuk meminimumkan kesan penuaian hutan. Daripada keputusan, keutamaan/pemberat dan susunan kriteria adalah seperti berikut: cerun (w = 0.558), diikuti oleh sungai (w = 0.303), ketinggian (w = 0.095) dan seterusnya jalan hutan yang sedia ada (w = 0.044). Faktor relatif yang telah dibangunkan dalam kajian ini boleh diguna pakai oleh Jabatan Perhutanan untuk membuat perancangan jalan hutan yang bersesuaian di kawasan hutan bukit seterusnya diguna pakai bersama dengan teknologi sistem maklumat geografi.

Kata kunci: Kriteria keutamaan, perancangan jalan hutan; perancangan penuaian. proses hierarki analitik

RUJUKAN

Abdi, E., Majnounian, B., Darvishefat, A., Mashayekhi, Z. & Session, J. 2009. A GIS-MCE based model for forest road planning. Journal of Forest Science 55(4): 171-176.

Abdul Rahim, A.S., Mohd Shawahid, O. & Zariyawati, M.A. 2009. A comparison analysis of logging cost between conventional and reduced impact logging practices. International Journal of Economic and Management 3(3): 354-366.

Coutler, E.D. 2004. Setting forest road maintenance and upgrade priorities based on environmental factor and expert judgement. Ph.D (Thesis), Oregon State University, United States, 218 p. (Unpublished).

Coutler, E.D., Session, J. & Wing, M.G. 2006. Scheduling forest road maintenance using the analytical hierarchy process and heuristic. Silva Fennica 40(1): 143-160.

Dahlin, B. & Fredriksson, J. 1995. Computer-assisted forest road planning- A proposed interactive model with special emphasis on private forest land. International Journal of Forest Engineering 6(2): 35-39.

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM). 1999. Spesifikasi Jalan Hutan (Jalan Tuju dan Lorong Penarik) untuk Semenanjung Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia.

Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM). 2010. Garis Panduan Jalan Hutan 2010. Kuala Lumpur: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia.

Holmes, T.P., Blate, D.M., Zweede, J.C., Pereira, R., Barreto, P., Boltz, F. & Bauch, R. 2002. Financial and ecological indicators of reduced impact logging performance in the eastern Amazon. Forest Ecological Management 163: 93-110.

Islam, R. & Abdullah, N.A. 2006. Management decision making by the analytic hierarchy process: A proposed modification for large scale problems. Journal of International Business and Entrepreneurship Development 3(1/2): 18-40.

Johnson, R.A. & Madison, M.E. 1994. Tying impact mitigation requirements to local general plans, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 14: 61-74.

Judibal, C.C. 2000. GIS-based support system for tactical timber harvesting planning; designing and development. Ph.D (Thesis), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 174p. (unpublished).

Kamaruzaman, J. 2008. Construction of new forest road in Malaysia using a GIS-based decision support system. Journal of Computer and Information Science 1(3): 48- 59.

Malczewski, J. 1999. GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Mohd Hasmadi, I. 2005. Application of geoinformatics technology to forest harvesting in Malaysia. PhD (Thesis), Cranfield University, United Kingdom. 330p. (unpublished).

Mohd Hasmadi, I., Kamaruzaman, J. & Muhamad Azizon, J. 2008. Forest road assessment in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve of Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Modern Applied Science 2(3): 101-108.

Mohd Hasmadi, I. & Kamaruzaman, J. 2009. Planning of access road using satellite technology and best path modeling. Journal of Modern Applied Science 3(3): 83- 89.

Muziol, C. 1999. The zonation of production forest into timber production restricted timber production and protection forest areas: An important tool for mitigating the impact of timber harvesting, (eds.) Shamsudin, I., Nur Hajar, Z.S. & Choon, K.K. Proceeding of the Tropical Forest Harvesting: New Technologies Examined. Primula Parkroyal Hotel, Terengganu, 22-24 November, pp. 136-165.

Naghdi, R., Bagheri, I., Ghajar, E., Taheri, K. & Hasanzad, I. 2008. Planning the most appropriate forest road network considering soil drainage and stability using GIS in ShafaroudWatershed-Guilan. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/appplication/utility/transport/ma08_79.html. Retrieved 1 July 2010.

Rafiei, A.A., Lotfalian, M., Hosseini, S.A. & Parsakhoo, A. 2009. Determining the optimum road density for ground skidding system in Dalak Kheyl Forest hyrcanian zone. World Applied Science Journal 7(3): 263-270.

Roh, T.H., Lee, J.C., Kim, H.G., Kim, J.J. & Jung, Y.H. 2008. Construction on decision support system for route location based on GIS. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXVII(B2): 555-566.

Saaty, T.L. 1977. A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 15: 234-281.

Saaty, T.L. 1980. The Analytic Hierarchy Process. New York: McGraw Hill.

Saaty, T.L. 1990. How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process. European Journal of Operational Research 48: 9-26.

Samani, K.M., Hosseiny, S.A., Lotfalian, M. & Najafi, A. 2010. Planning road network in mountain forests using GIS and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Caspian Journal Environmental Science 8(2): 151-162.

Shiba, M. 1995. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based multi attribute benefit structure analysis of road network system in mountainous rural areas of Japan. Journal of Forest Engineering 7: 14-50.

Slotterback, C.S. 2008. Evaluating the implementation of environmental review mitigation in local planning and development processes. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 28: 546-561.

Store, R. & Kangas, J. 2002. Integrating spatial multi-criteria evaluation and expert knowledge for GIS-based habitat suitability modelling. Landscape and Urban Planning 55: 79-93.

Tan, J. 1999. Locating forest roads by a spatial and heuristic procedure using microcomputers. International Journal of Forest Engineering 10(2): 1-10.

Triantaphyllaou, E. & Mann, S.H. 1995. Using the analytic hierarchy process for decision making in engineering applications: Some challenges. International Journal of Industrial Engineering: Applications and Practices 2(1): 35-44.

Trussat, S., Messier, D., Roquet, V. & Aki, S. 2002, Hydropower projects: A review of most effective mitigation measures. Journal of Energy Policy 30: 1251-1259.

Wan Mohd, S.W.A. & Mohd Paiz, K. 2003. Alternatives reduced impact logging techniques in Peninsular Malaysia. In:  Proceeding of International Expert Meeting on the Development and Implementation of National Codes of Practices for Forest Harvesting- Issues and Options. Kisazaru City, Chiba prefecture, Japan, 17-20 November, 13p.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: mhasmadi@putra.upm.edu.my