 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
Microwave-Induced Zinc Chloride Activated Palm Kernel Shell for Dye Removal (Isirong
Sawit Teraktif Zink Klorida dengan Gelombang Mikro Sebagai Penyingkir Warna)
MUHAMMAD ABBAS AHMAD ZAINI*, TAN WEE MENG, MOHD. JOHARI KAMARUDDIN,
SITI HAMIDAH MOHD SETAPAR & MOHD. AZIZI CHE YUNUS
Centre
of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical
Engineering
Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Diserahkan: 11
Februari 2013/Diterima: 4 Februari 2014
ABSTRACT
This work is aimed to
determine the characteristics of activated carbons derived from palm kernel
shell (PKS) by
microwave-induced zinc chloride activation for dye removal. Activation was
performed in a microwave oven at power intensity of 70% for 10 min. The same
procedures were repeated for activation using recycled ZnCl2 solution from the first activation. The activated carbons were
characterized according to surface area, morphology, functional groups and
batch adsorption. The yield for the first activation was 70.7% with surface
area of 858m2/g. It was found
that the activated carbon prepared using the recycled ZnCl2 still possesses good surface area for methylene blue removal. The
adsorption behaviour of the continuous system was well fitted to and could be
satisfactorily described by the Yoon and Nelson model.
Keywords: Adsorption;
methylene blue; microwave heating; palm kernel shell; zinc chloride activation
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini bertujuan
untuk menentukan ciri karbon teraktif daripada isirong sawit (PKS)
dengan pengaktifan zink klorida (ZnCl2)
berbantukan gelombang mikro sebagai penjerap warna. Pengaktifan dilakukan dalam
ketuhar gelombang mikro pada keamatan kuasa 70% selama 10 min. Prosedur yang
sama diulang bagi pengaktifan menggunakan ZnCl2 yang dikitar semula daripada pengaktifan pertama. Karbon teraktif
dicirikan mengikut luas permukaan, morfologi, kumpulan berfungsi dan penjerapan
berkelompok. Hasil untuk pengaktifan pertama ialah 70.7% dengan luas permukaan
858 m2/g. Juga didapati
bahawa karbon teraktif yang disediakan dengan ZnCl2 yang dikitar semula masih mempunyai luas permukaan yang baik
untuk penyingkiran metilena biru. Sifat penjerapan sistem berterusan adalah
menepati dan boleh digambarkan dengan model Yoon dan Nelson.
Kata kunci: Isirong
sawit; metilena biru; pemanasan gelombang mikro; pengaktifan zink klorida;
penjerapan
RUJUKAN
Aksu,
Z. & Gonen, F. 2004. Biosorption of phenol by immobilized activated sludge
in a continuous packed bed: Prediction of breakthrough curves. Process
Biochemistry 39: 599-613.
Allwar,
Md Noor, A. & Mohd Nawi, M.A. 2008. Textural characteristics of activated
carbons prepared from oil palm shells activated with ZnCl2 and pyrolysis under nitrogen and carbon
dioxide. Journal of Physical Science 19: 93-104.
Anjaneyulu,
Y., Chary, N.S. & Raj, D.S.S. 2005. Decolorisation of industrial effluents-
available methods and emerging technologies- a review. Reviews Environmental
Science Biotechnology 4: 245-273.
Bohart,
G.S. & Adams, E.Q. 1920. Some aspects of the behavior of charcoal with
respect to chlorine. Journal of the American Chemical Society 42:
523-544.
Chen,
H. & Hashisho, Z. 2012. Fast preparation of activated carbon from oil sands
coke using microwave-assisted activation. Fuel 95: 178-182.
Deng,
H., Yang, L., Tao, G. & Dai, J. 2009. Preparation and characterization of
activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted chemical activation:
application in methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution. Journal of
Hazardous Materials 166: 1514-1521.
Environmental
Protection Agency 1997. Profile of the textile industry, U.S. EPA,
Washington.
Foo,
K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. 2011. Microwave-assisted preparation of oil palm fiber
activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal 166: 792-795.
Foo,
K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. 2012. Porous structure and adsorptive properties of
pineapple peel based activated carbons prepared via microwave assisted KOH and
K2CO3 activation. Microporous Mesoporous Materials 148: 191-195.
Forgacs,
E., Cserhati, T. & Oros, G. 2004. Removal of synthetic dyes from
wastewaters: A review. Environmental International 30: 953-971.
Guo,
J. & Lua, A.C. 2003. Surface functional groups on oil-palm-shell adsorbents
prepared by H3PO4 and KOH
activation and their effects on adsorptive capacity. Trans IChemE Part A 81:
585-590.
Helfferich,
F.G. & Carr, P.W. 1993. Non-linear waves in chromatography- waves, shocks
and shapes. Journal of Chromatography 629: 97-122.
Husain,
Z., Zainal, Z.A. & Abdullah, M.Z. 2003. Analysis of biomass-residue-based
cogeneration system in palm oil mills. Biomass and Bioenergy 24:
117-124.
Issabayeva,
G., Aroua, M.K. & Nik Sulaiman, N.M. 2006. Removal of lead from aqueous
solutions on palm shell activated carbon. Bioresource Technology 97:
2350-2355.
Kumar,
B.G.P., Miranda, L.R. & Velan, M. 2005. Adsorption of bismark brown dye on
activated carbons prepared from rubberwood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis)
using different activation methods. Journal of Hazardous Materials B 126:
63-70.
Menendez,
J.A., Arenillas, A., Fidalgo, B., Fernandez, Y., Zubizarreta, L., Calvo, E.G.
& Bermudez, J.M. 2010. Microwave heating processes involving carbon
materials. Fuel Processing Technology 91: 1-8.
Metaxas,
A.C. & Meredith, R.J. 1983. Industrial Microwave Heating. London:
Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
Mullin,
J. 1997. Microwave Processing: New Methods of Food Preservation. London:
Blackie Academic & Professional.
Nwabanne,
J.T. & Igbokwe, P.K. 2012. Adsorption performance of packed bed column for
the removal of lead (II) using oil palm fibre. International Journal of
Applied Science and Technology 2: 106-115.
Okoroigwe,
E.C. & Saffron, C.M. 2012. Determination of bio-energy potential of palm
kernel shell by physicochemical characterization. Nigerian Journal of
Technology 31: 329- 335.
Robinson,
T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R. & Nigam, P. 2001. Remediation of dyes in
textile effluent: A critical review on current treatment technologies with a
proposed alternative. Bioresource Technology 77: 247-255.
Singh,
S., Srivastava, V.C. & Mall, I.D. 2009. Fixed-bed study for adsorptive
removal of furfural by activated carbon. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 332: 50-56.
Tan,
I.A.W., Ahmad, A.L. & Hameed, B.H. 2008. Adsorption of basic dye using
activated carbon prepared from oil palm shell: batch and fixed bed studies. Desalination 225: 13-28.
Wang,
T., Tan, S. & Liang, C. 2009. Preparation and characterization of activated
carbon from wood via microwave-induced zinc chloride activation. Carbon 47:
1867-1885.
Wang,
X.J., Liang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, M., Yin, D., Xia, S., Zhao, J. &
Zhang, Y. 2011. Adsorption of copper (II) onto activated carbons from sewage
sludge by microwave-induced phosphoric acid and zinc chloride activation. Desalination 278: 231-237.
Yahaya,
N.K.E.M., Abustan, I., Latiff, M.F.P.M., Bello, O.S. & Ahmad, M.A. 2011.
Fixed-bed column study for Cu (II) removal from aqueous solutions using rice
husk based activated carbon. International Journal of Engineering and
Technology 11: 248-252.
Yoon,
Y.H. & Nelson, J.H. 1984. Application of gas adsorption kinetics: A
theoretical model for respiratory cartridge service life. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 45: 509-516.
Yuen, F.K. &
Hameed, B.H. 2009. Recent developments in the preparation and regeneration of
activated carbons by microwaves. Advances in Colloid and Interface Sciences 149:
19-27.
Zaini, M.A.A.,
Okayama, R. & Machida, M. 2009. Adsorption of aqueous metal ions on
cattle-manure-compost based activated carbons. Journal of Hazardous
Materials 170: 1119-1124.
*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: abbas@cheme.utm.my
|
|||
|
