Sains Malaysiana 47(7)(2018): 1401–1411

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4707-07

Hydrological Change Effects on Sungai Langat Water Quality

(Kesan Perubahan Hidrologi ke atas Kualiti Air Sungai Langat)

MARINA ZAINAL ABIDIN, AHMAD ABAS KUTTY*, TUKIMAT LIHAN & NURUL

AKHMA ZAKARIA

School of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 15 September 2017/ Diterima: 20 Februari 2018

ABSTRACT

This study attempts to assess the impact of various types of land use along Sungai Langat and describes hydrological change and water quality variation along this river. This study also determines water quality of Sungai Langat based on low flow dry period Q_100,7 using the application of QUAL2K. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature and conductivity were measured in situ. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total suspended solid (TSS) were analysed according to the standard methods (APHA). Water quality data was referred to National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQS) proposed by Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE) to estimate Sungai Langat water quality status. Four important water quality parameters namely DO, BOD₅, NH₃-N and TSS were simulated with QUAL2K version 2.07 for 83.67 km. As regard to individual parameter, DO classified this river into class III, BOD5 in Class II, NH₃-N in Class IV and TSS in Class I. Based on QUAL2K simulation for low flow scenario, the results clearly demonstrates a gradually reduction of DO and BOD₅ whereas NH3-N and TSS display opposite. Only NH₃-N was found significantly increase which cause low water quality class towards the downstream. Three parameters namely DO, BOD₅ and NH₃-N show effects of industrial which approximately located at the middle of river stretch. The TSS was contributed to the river system at the upstream and downstream of the river stretch which most likely from sand mining activity which located at Sungai Long, Cheras (near R5) and Sungai Semenyih (R11).

Keywords: Modelling; QUAL2K; Sungai Langat; water quality

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini cuba menilai kesan pelbagai jenis guna tanah di sepanjang Sungai Langat dan menerangkan perubahan hidrologi dan variasi kualiti air di sepanjang sungai ini. Kajian ini juga menentukan kualiti air Sungai Langat berdasarkan aliran musim kering Q_100,7 dengan menggunakan pemodelan kualiti air QUAL2K. Oksigen terlarut (DO), pH, suhu dan kekonduksian diukur secara in situ. Permintaan oksigen biokimia (BOD₅), nitrogen ammonia (NH₃-N) dan jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) telah dianalisis di makmal mengikut kaedah piawai (APHA). Data kualiti air dirujuk kepada Piawaian Kualiti Air Negara (NWQS) yang dicadangkan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia (JAS) untuk menganggarkan status kualiti air Sungai Langat. Empat parameter kualiti air penting iaitu DO, BOD₅, NH₃-N dan TSS disimulasi dengan menggunakan QUAL2K versi 2.07 bagi 83.67 km. Berdasarkan parameter individu, DO berada pada Kelas III, BOD₅ dalam Kelas II, NH₃-N pada Kelas IV dan TSS pada Kelas I. Berdasarkan simulasi QUAL2K untuk senario aliran rendah, keputusan jelas menunjukkan penurunan secara beransur-ansur bagi DO dan BOD₅ manakala NH₃-N dan TSS menunjukkan sebaliknya. Hanya NH3-N didapati meningkat dengan ketara yang menyebabkan kelas kualiti air menurun ke hilir sungai. Tiga parameter iaitu DO, BOD₅ dan NH3-N menunjukkan kesan perindustrian yang terletak berhampiran jajaran tengah sungai. TSS disumbangkan kepada sistem sungai di hulu dan hilir yang berkemungkinan besar berpunca daripada aktiviti perlombongan pasir yang terletak di Sungai Long, Cheras (berhampiran R5) dan Sungai Semenyih (R11).

Kata kunci: Kualiti air; pemodelan; QUAL2K; Sungai Langat

RUJUKAN

Anon. 2009a. September 29. Salak Tinggi water treatment plant shuts - Nation. The Star Online. https://www.thestar.com. my/news/nation/2009/09/29/salak-tinggi-water-treatment-plant-shuts/.

Anon. 2009b. October 29. Salak Tinggi water plant closed again - Nation. The Star Online. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. https:// www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2009/10/29/salak-tinggi-water-plant-closed-again/.

APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association.

Chapra, S., Pelletier, G. & Tao, H. 2008. QUAL2K: A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and Stream Water Quality, Version 2.11: Documentation and Users Manual. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA.

Choong, M.Z. 2014, February 13. Ammonia contamination at two plants cause of dry taps - Community. The Star Online. Selangor, Malaysia. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/ community/2014/02/13/water-woes-for-residents-ammonia-contamination-at-two-plants-cause-of-dry-taps/.

Chow, V., Maidment, D.R. & Mays, L.W. 1998. Applied Hydrology. New York: McGraw-Hill. doi:10.1016/j. soncn.2011.11.001

Cubillo, F., Rodriguez, B. & Barnwell, T.O. 1992. A system for control of river water quality for the community of Madrid using QUAL2E. Water Science and Technology 26: 1867- 1873.

Department of Irrigation & Drainage. 2011. National Water Resources Study (NRWS) (2000-2050) and Formulation of National Water Resources Policy. Department of Irrigation & Drainage.

Drolc, A. & Končan, J.Z. 1996. Water quality modelling of the river Sava, Slovenia. Water Research 30: 2587-2592.

HACH. 2003. The Handbook of DR/2500 Laboratory Spectrophotometer. USA: HACH Company.

Juahir, H., Zain, S.M., Yusoff, M.K., Hanidza, T.I.T., Armi, A.S.M., Toriman, M.E. & Mokhtar, M. 2011. Spatial water quality assessment of Langat River Basin (Malaysia) using environmetric techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 173(1-4): 625-641.

Krishnan, G. 2009. Water treatment plants still closed - Community The Star Online. Selangor, Malaysia. https:// www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2009/07/24/water-treatment-plants-still-closed/. July 24.

Lai, Y.C., Tu, Y.T., Yang, C.P., Surampalli, R.Y. & Kao, C.M. 2013. Development of a water quality modeling system for river pollution index and suspended solid loading evaluation. Journal of Hydrology 478: 89-101. doi:10.1016/j. jhydrol.2012.11.050.

Little, K.W. & Williams, R.E. 1992. Least-squares calibration of QUAL2E. Water Environment Research 64: 179-185.

LUAS. 2015. Sungai Langat Basin Management Plan 2015-2020. Selangor, Malaysia.

LUAS. 2011. Sungai Langat State of The River Report 2011. Selangor, Malaysia.

Neilson, B.T., Hobson, A.J., Vonstackelberg, N., Shupryt, M. & Ostermiller, J. 2012. Using Qual2K Modeling to Support Nutrient Criteria Development and Wasteload Analyses in Utah. https://deq.utah.gov/ProgramsServices/ programs/water/wqmanagement/docs/2012/12Dec/ UtahQ2kModelingDataGuidance-Final_12-12-12.pdf.

Ning, S.K., Chang, N.B., Yang, L., Chen, H.W. & Hsu, H.Y. 2001. Assessing pollution prevention program by QUAL2E simulation analysis for the Kao-Ping River Basin, Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Management 61(1): 61-76.

Othman, J. 2007. Kajian kesan perubahan guna tanah terhadap sumber air Lembangan Sg. Langat melalui integrasi data penderiaan jauh satelit dan GIS serta pemodelan hidrologi. Tesis Dr. Falsafah, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam dan Struktur, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (Unpublished).

Puncak Niaga. 2014. Laporan Rondaan Pemantauan Sungai Langat (River Monitoring Work), Empangan Sungai Langat.

Rajendra, E., Lai, A. & Foo, N. 2016, November 8. Factories along Sungai Langat and Sungai Semantan caused water treatment plants to shut down. The Star Online. Selangor, Malaysia. https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/11/08/ sixteen-cases-of-river-pollution-factories-along-sungai-langat-and-sungai-semantan-caused-water-trea/

Simmons, D.L. & Reynolds, R.J. 1982. Effects of urbanization on base flow of selected south-shore streams, Long Island, New York. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 18(5): 797-805.

Song, T. & Kim, K. 2009. Development of a water quality loading index based on water quality modeling. Journal of Environmental Management 90(3): 3183.

Walton, R. & Webb, M. 1994. QUAL2E simulations of pulse loads. Journal of Environmental Engineering 120: 1017-1031.

Yang, H.H., Jaafar, O., El-shafie, A. & Abdullah, S.M.S. 2011. Impact of land-use changes toward base-flow regime in Lui and Langat Dengkil sub-basin. International Journal of the Physical Sciences 6(21): 4960-4976.

Zainudin, Z., Abdullah, N. & Mazlan, N.F. 2008. Sewage pollution impact and characterization in Sg. Langat river basin trough QUAL2E river water quality modeling temporal data review. International Conference and Expo on Environmental Management and Technologies (ICEEMAT’08), Putra World Trade Center (PWTC), Kuala Lumpur.

Zainudin, Z. & Mohamed, M. 2006. Industrial effluent load characterization of Sungai Perembi watershed. Simposium Kimia Analisis Malaysia (SKAM-‐19), Reviera Beach Resort, Melaka.

Zainudin, Z., Rahman, N.A., Abdullah, N. & Mazlan, N.F. 2010. Development of water quality model for Sungai Tebrau using QUAL2K. Journal of Applied Sciences 10(21): 2748-2750.

Zhang, R., Qian, X., Yuan, X., Ye, R., Xia, B. & Wang, Y. 2012. Simulation of water environmental capacity and pollution load reduction using QUAL2K for water environmental management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9(12): 4504-4521.

Zhang, Y.K. & Schilling, K.E. 2006. Increasing streamflow and baseflow in Mississippi River since the 1940s: Effect of land use change. Journal of Hydrology 324(1-4): 412-422.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: abas@ukm.edu.my