Sains Malaysiana 48(10)(2019): 2177–2183

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4810-13

Relationships between Core Strength, Dynamic Balance and Knee Valgus during Single Leg Squat in Male Junior Athletes

(Hubungan antara Kekuatan Teras, Keseimbangan Dinamik serta Kinematik Lutut semasa Mencangkung dengan Sebelah Kaki pada Atlet Muda Lekaki)

NOR FATINAH AFFANDI, MOHAMAD SAUFI ZUHAN MAIL, NORAIN MOHD AZHAR & SHAZLIN SHAHARUDIN*

Exercise & Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 6 November 2018/Diterima: 23 September 2019

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between core strength, dynamic balance and knee kinematics during single leg squat. Core strength helps to improve dynamic balance and muscle coordination between lower and upper extremities, as well as reduce injury risks and muscular strength imbalance. Dynamic balance is the ability to maintain a stable position during dynamic tasks and can be used as a predictor of injury risk factors. Thirty-two state-level male junior athletes with a normal range of dynamic knee valgus were recruited. The participants went through a series of tests that included Modified Plank Test, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Single Leg Squat (SLS) test. Two-dimensional knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) during SLS was evaluated at a 60° knee flexion. There was a statistically significant correlation between distance reached in anteromedial direction and knee FPPA during SLS in the non-dominant leg (r = 0.374, p = 0.035). There was no significant correlation between duration of plank and knee FPPA during SLS in both dominant and non-dominant legs. The outcomes from this study are important to prevent lower limb injuries in male junior athletes.

Keywords: Biomechanics; dynamic knee valgus; top down kinetic chain; youth athletes

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menilai hubungan antara kekuatan teras, keseimbangan dinamik serta kinematik lutut semasa mencangkung dengan sebelah kaki. Kekuatan teras membantu untuk memperbaiki keseimbangan dinamik dan koordinasi otot antara bahagian atas dan bawah anggota badan, di samping mengurangkan risiko kecederaan dan ketidakseimbangan kekuatan otot. Keseimbangan dinamik ialah kebolehan untuk mengekalkan posisi yang stabil semasa tugas dinamik dan boleh digunakan sebagai satu peramal faktor risiko kecederaan. Tiga puluh dua atlet junior lelaki peringkat negeri yang mempunyai lutut valgus dinamik dalam anggaran normal, telah direkrut. Peserta menjalani satu siri ujian yang merangkumi Ujian Plank Diubahsuai, Ujian Keseimbangan Pergerakan Bintang (SEBT) dan ujian Mencangkung Sebelah Kaki (SLS). Sudut unjuran lutut dua dimensi pada satah depan (FPPA) semasa SLS telah dinilai pada lutut bengkok bersudut 60°. Terdapat korelasi yang signifikan secara statistiknya antara jarak yang dicapai dalam arah anteromedial dan FPPA lutut semasa SLS pada kaki tidak dominan (r = 0.374, p = 0.035). Tiada korelasi yang signifikan antara tempoh plank dan FPPA lutut semasa SLS pada kedua-dua kaki dominan dan tidak dominan. Hasil daripada kajian ini adalah penting untuk mencegah kecederaan anggota bawah badan dalam kalangan atlet junior lelaki.

Kata kunci: Atlet muda; biomekanik; lutut valgus dinamik; rantaian kinetik atas bawah

RUJUKAN

Abd Rahman, N.A. & Shaharudin, S. 2019. Comparison of skills and lower limb biomechanics of female futsal players at collegiate and club levels. Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise 7(2): 177-194.

Akuthota, V. & Nadler, S.F. 2004. Core strengthening. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85: 86-92.

Akuthota, V., Ferreiro, A., Moore, T. & Fredericson, M. 2008. Core stability exercise principles. Current Sports Medicine Reports 7(1): 39-44.

Anderson, A., Hoffman, J., Johnson, B., Simonson, A. & Urquhart, L. 2014. Core Strength Testing: Developing Normative Data for Three Clinical Tests. https://sophia.stkate. edu/dpt_papers/32. Accessed on 18 March 2018.

Atikah, C.W., Nihayah, M., Leonard, J.H., Omar, B., Noor Ibrahim, M.S., Zurkarnain, M.K., Jamri, M. & Wan Mohd Noor, I. 2015. A cross-sectional evaluation on physical fitness of Malaysian firefighters. Sains Malaysiana 44(10): 1461-1466.

Bandyopadhyay, A. & Shaharudin, S. 2009. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players: An overview. International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering 3(1): 50-64.

Bastien, M., Moffet, H., Bouyer, L., Perron, M., Hébert, L.J. & Leblond, J. 2014. Concurrent and discriminant validity of the Star Excursion Balance Test for military personnel with lateral ankle sprain. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 23(1): 44-55.

Behm, D.G., Drinkwater, E.J., Willardson, J.M. & Cowley, P.M. 2010. The use of instability to train the core musculature. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35(1): 91- 108.

Bhat, R. & Moiz, J.A. 2013. Comparison of dynamic balance in collegiate field hockey and football players using star excursion balance test. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine 4(3): 221-229.

Borghuis, J., Hof, A.L. & Lemmink, K.A. 2008. The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability: Implications for measurement and training. Sports Medicine 38(11): 893-916.

Brophy, R., Chiaia, T., Maschi, R., Dodson, C., Oh, L., Lyman, S. & Williams, R. 2009. The core and hip in soccer athletes compared by gender. International Journal of Sports Medicine 30(9): 663-667.

Claiborne, T.L., Armstrong, C.W., Gandhi, V. & Pincivero, D.M. 2006. Relationship between hip and knee strength and knee valgus during a single leg squat. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 22(1): 41-50.

Davidson, B.S., Madigan, M.L. & Nussbaum, M.A. 2004. Effects of lumbar extensor fatigue and fatigue rate on postural sway. European Journal of Applied Physiology 93(1): 183-189.

Frisch, A., Croisier, J.L., Urhausen, A., Seil, R. & Theisen, D. 2009. Injuries, risk factors and prevention initiatives in youth sport. British Medical Bulletin 92: 95-121.

Graci, V., Van Dillen, L.R. & Salsich, G.B. 2012. Gender differences in trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics during a single leg squat. Gait & Posture 36(3): 461-466.

Gribble, P.A. & Hertel, J. 2003. Considerations for normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 7(2): 89-100.

Hertel, J., Braham, R.A., Hale, S.A. & Olmsted-Kramer, L.C. 2006. Simplifying the star excursion balance test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 36(3): 131-137.

Hewett, T.E., Torg, J.S. & Boden, B.P. 2009. Video analysis of trunk and knee motion during non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: Lateral trunk and knee abduction motion are combined components of the injury mechanism. British Journal of Sports Medicine 43(6): 417- 422.

Hibbs, A.E., Thompson, K.G., French, D., Wrigley, A. & Spears, I. 2008. Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength. Sports Medicine 38(12): 995-1008.

Hrysomallis, C. 2007. Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports Medicine 37(6): 547- 556.

Hrysomallis, C. 2011. Balance ability and athletic performance. Sports Medicine 41(3): 221-232.

Hrysomallis, C., McLaughlin, P. & Goodman, C. 2006. Relationship between static and dynamic balance tests among elite Australian Footballers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 9(4): 288-291.

Jaapar, S.H.Z. & Shaharudin, S. 2019. Effects of load carrying training on core strength, balance and jumping mechanics of female reserve officer training unit cadets. Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise 8(1): 111-121.

Kahle, N.L. & Gribble, P.A. 2009. Core stability training in dynamic balance testing among young, healthy adults. Athletic Training and Sports Health Care 1(2): 65-73.

Khuu, A., Foch, E. & Lewis, C.L. 2016. Not all single leg squat are equal: Biomechanical comparison of three variations. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 11(2): 201-211.

Kibler, W.B., Press, J. & Sciascia, A. 2006. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Medicine 36(3): 189-198.

Leetun, D.T., Ireland, M.L., Willson, J.D., Ballantyne, B.T. & Davis, I.M. 2004. Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury in athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36(6): 926-934.

Le Gall, F., Carling, C. & Reilly, T. 2008. Injuries in young elite female soccer players: An 8-season prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 36(2): 276-284.

McLean, S.G., Walker, K., Ford, K., Myer, G., Hewett, T. & Van den Bogert, A.J. 2005. Evaluation of a two dimensional analysis method as a screening and evaluation tool for anterior cruciate ligament injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39(6): 355-362.

Mohd Azhar, N., Affandi, N.F., Mail, M.S.Z. & Shaharudin, S. 2019. The effects of foot position on lower extremity kinematics during single leg squat among adolescent male athletes. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 14(4): 343-349.

Munro, A., Herrington, L. & Carolan, M. 2012. Reliability of 2-dimensional video assessment of frontal-plane dynamic knee valgus during common athletic screening tasks. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 21(1): 7-11.

Ozmen, T. & Aydogmus, M. 2016. Effect of core strength training on dynamic balance and agility in adolescent badminton players. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 20(3): 565-570.

Portney, L.W.M. & Watkins, M. 2008. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Richardson, C., Jull, G., Hodges, P., Hides, J. & Panjabi, M.M. 1999. Therapeutic Exercise for Spinal Segmental Stabilization in Low Back Pain: Scientific Basis and Clinical Approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Sekendiz, B., Cug, M. & Korkusuz, F. 2010. Effects of Swiss-ball core strength training on strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in sedentary women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 24(11): 3032-3040.

Shaharudin, S., Zanotto, D. & Agrawal, S. 2014. Muscle synergy during Wingate anaerobic rowing test of collegiate rowers and untrained subjects. International Journal of Sports Science 4(5): 165-172.

Stickler, L., Finley, M. & Gulgin, H. 2015. Relationship between hip and core strength and frontal plane alignment during a single leg squat. Physical Therapy in Sport 16(1): 66-71.

Tong, T.K., Wu, S. & Nie, J. 2014. Sport-specific endurance plank test for evaluation of global core muscle function. Physical Therapy in Sport 15(1): 58-63.

Tse, M.A., McManus, A.M. & Masters, R.S. 2005. Development and validation of a core endurance intervention program: Implications for performance in college-age rowers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 19(3): 547-552.

Uebayashi, K., Akasaka, K., Tamura, A., Otsudo, T., Sawada, Y., Okubo, Y. & Hall, T. 2019. Characteristics of trunk and lower limb alignment at maximum reach during the Star Excursion Balance Test in subjects with increased knee valgus during jump landing. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0211242.

Winter, D.A., Patla, A.E. & Frank, J.S. 1990. Assessment of balance control in humans. Journal of Medical Progress Through Technology 16(1-2): 31-51.

Zazulak, B.T., Hewett, T.E., Reeves, N.P., Goldberg, B. & Cholewicki, J. 2007. Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk a prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 35(7): 1123-1130.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: shazlin@usm.my