Sains Malaysiana 49(2)(2020): 223-236

http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4902-01

Ciri Fizikal dan Mikroskopi Anatomi Kayu Malvaceae Subfamili Bombacoideae dan Helicteroideae

(Physical and Microscopic Anatomical Characteristics of Malvaceae Woods Subfamilies Bombacoideae and Helicteroideae)

NORDAHLIA ABDULLAH SIAM¹*, NORAINI TALIP², RICHARD CHUNG CHENG KONG¹ & LIM SENG CHOON¹

¹Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

²Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Diserahkan: 19 Disember 2018/Diterima: 7 November 2019

ABSTRAK

Kajian mengenai ciri fizikal dan mikroskopi anatomi kayu telah dijalankan pada 36 spesies Malvaceae subfamili Bombacoideae (genus Bombax) dan Helicteroideae (genus Coelostegia, Durio, Kostermansia dan Neesia) di Malaysia. Objektif kajian ini ialah untuk menentukan kesesuaian penempatan genus Bombax dan Coelostegia, Durio, Kostermansia dan Neesia di bawah subfamili berbeza iaitu Bombacoideae and Helicteroideae dengan membandingkan hasil  analisis fenetik berangka dan pengelasan berdasarkan molekul DNA; menentukan kesesuaian penempatan kelompok Helicteroideae: Durioneae di bawah subfamili Helicteroideae bersama dengan genus kelompok Helicteroideae s.s.; dan menyemak status Boschia sama ada sebagai genus tersendiri atau perlu digabungkan dengan Durio. Hasil analisis fenetik berangka menyokong cadangan pengelasan berdasarkan molekul DNA yang mengasingkan Bombax (Bombacoideae) daripada subfamili Helicteroideae. Keputusan analisis fenetik berangka juga menunjukkan bahawa kelompok Helicteroideae: Durioneae (Coelostegia, Durio, Kostermansia dan Neesia) perlu dikeluarkan daripada subfamili Helicteroideae dan dicadangkan untuk diletakkan di bawah subfamili baharu iaitu Durionoideae. Sebaliknya, kajian ini menolak cadangan pengelasan yang menaikkan subfamili Bombacoideae kepada famili Bombacaceae, subfamili Helicteroideae s.s. kepada famili Helicteradaceae dan subfamili Helicteroideae: Durioneae kepada famili Durionaceae. Hasil analisis fenetik berangka menunjukkan Boschia perlu digabungkan dengan Durio.

Kata kunci: Analisis fenetik berangka; anatomi kayu; Bombacoideae; Helicteroideae; Malvaceae

ABSTRACT

Studies on the physical and microscopic anatomical characteristics of woods were carried out on 36 species of Malvaceae subfamilies Bombacoideae (genus Bombax) and Helicteroideae (Coelostegia, Durio, Kostermansia and Neesia) in Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to construct groups using numerical phenetic analysis to compare with the classifications of DNA molecular studies, to investigate either Bombax should be separated from Coelostegia, Durio, Kostermansia and Neesia, or should be placed under different subfamilies which are Bombacoideae and Helicteroideae, respectively. In addition to that, to see the suitability of the Helicterodeae: Durioneae group to put under the subfamily Helicteroideae together with the Helicteroideae s.s. group. Moreover, to see the suitability of family concept, proposed by previous study. Besides that, to determine whether Boschia should stand as individual genus or it should be combined with Durio. Based on numerical phenetic analysis this study supports the concept of classification of molecular DNA that separates Bombax from Coelostegia, Durio, Kostermansia and Neesia and placed under different subfamilies. However, this numerical phenetic analysis shows that the Helicteroideae: Durioneae group (Coelostegia, Durio, Kostermansia and Neesia) should be removed from the subfamily Helicteroideae and proposed to be placed in a new subfamily which is Durionoideae. On the other hand, the present study disagrees with previous  classification that upgraded the subfamily Bombacoideae to family Bombacaceae, subfamily Helicteroideae s.s. to family Helicteradaceae and subfamily Helicteroideae: Durioneae to family Durionaceae. Our numerical phenetic analysis suggest the genus Boschia to be combined with Durio.

Keywords: Bombacoideae; Helicteroideae; Malvaceae; numerical phenetic analysis; wood anatomy

RUJUKAN

Adeniyi, I.M., Adebagbo, C.A., Oladapo, F.M. & Ayetan, G. 2013. Utilisation of some selected wood species in relation to their anatomical features. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Veterinary 13(9): 2249-4626.

Adeniyi, A.K., Aworinde, D.O. & Folorunso, A.E. 2009. Use of wood characters in the identification of selected timber species in Nigeria. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici 37(2): 28-32.

Alverson, W.S., Whitlock, B.A., Nyffeler, R., Bayer, C. & Baum, D.A. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: Evidence from ndhF sequence data. American Journal of Botany 86(10): 1474-1486.

Alverson, W.S., Karol, K.G., Baum, D.A., Chase, M.W., Swensen, S.M., McCourt, R. & Systema, K.J. 1998. Circumscription of the Malvales and relationships to other Rosidae: Evidence from rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 85(6): 876-887.

Ashton, P.S. 1988. Manual of the Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Sarawak. Jil. 2. Kuching: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Sarawak Branch.

Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C. 1924. Revisio Bombacacearum. Bulletin Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 6(2): 161-240.

Baum, D.A., Smith, S.D., Yen, A., Alverson, W.S., Nyffeler, R., Barbara, A.W. & Rebecca, L.O. 2004. Phylogetic relationship of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae: Malvaceae (sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 91(11): 1863-1871.

Baum, D.A., Alverson, W.S. & Nyffeler, R. 1998. A durian by any other name: Taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers of Botany 3(2): 315-330.

Bayer, C. & Kubitzki, K. 2003. Malvaceae. Dlm. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Flowering Plants Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales, Jilid. 5, disunting oleh Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. New York: Springer-Verlag. hlm. 225-311.

Bayer, C., Michael, F.F., De Bruijn, A.Y., Vincent, S., Cynthia, M.M., Kubitzki, K., William, S.A. & Mark, W.C. 1999. Support for an expended family concept of Malvaceae within recircumscribed order Malvales: A combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. The Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 129(4): 267-303.

Cheek, M. 2006. The validation of two new family names in Malvales: Durionaceae and Browlowiaceae. Kew Bulletin 61: 443.

Cheek, M. 2007. Bombacaceae. Dlm. Flowering Plant Families of the World, disunting oleh Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Richardson, I.B.K. & Stearn, W.T. New York: Springer-Verlag. hlm. 89-95.

Duncan, T. & Baum, B.R. 1981. Numerical phenetics: Its uses in botanical systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12: 387-404.

Herendeen, P.S. & Miller, R.B. 2000. Utility of wood anatomy characters in cladistic analyses. IAWA Journal (21)3: 247-276.

Hutchinson, J. 1967. The Genera of Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons. Edisi ke-2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. hlm. 468-523.

Jansen, S., Piesschaert, F. & Smets, E. 2000. Wood anatomy of Elaeagnaceae, with comments on vestured pits, helical thickenings, and systematics relationship. American Journal of Botany 87(1): 20-28.

Jansen, S., Kitin, P., De Pauw, H., Idris, M., Beeckman, H. & Smets, E. 1998. Preparation of wood specimens for transmitted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Belgium Journal of Botany 131(1): 41-49.

Johnson, R.W. 1982. Effect of weighting and the size of the attribute set in numerical classification. Australian Journal of Botany 30(2): 161-174.

Judd, W.S. & Manchester, S.R. 1997. Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological and chemical characters. Brittonia 49(3): 384-405.

Kochummen, K.M. 1972. Bombacaceae. Dlm. Tree Flora of Malaya: A Manual for Foresters, edited by Whitmore, T.C. Jil. 1. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Kepong: Forest Research Institute Malaysia. hlm. 100-120.

Kostermans, A.J.G.H. 1958. A Monograph of the Genus Durio Adans. (Bombacaceae)-Part II: Species of Burma, Malaya and Sumatra, Additional note on Cullenia ceylanica K. Schum. Communication Forest Research Institute Indonesia No 62. hlm. 1-36.

Masters, M.T. 1874. Durio. Dlm. Flora of British India, disunting Hooker, J.D. Jilid.1. London: L. Reeve. hlm. 348-353.

Meeuse, A.D.J. 1982. Cladistics, wood anatomy and angiosperm phylogeny-A challenge. Acta Botany 31(5/6): 345-354.

Menon, P.K.B. 1971. The Anatomy and Identification of Malaysian Hardwoods. Malayan Forest Records No 27. Kepong: Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. 1983. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Wood Structure and Conclusion of the General Introduction. Jilid. 2. London: Oxford University Press.

Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. 1979. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, Stem and Wood in Relation to Taxonomy with Notes on Economic Uses. Jilid 2. London: Oxford University Press.

Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. 1950. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, Stem and Wood in Relation to Taxonomy with Notes on Economic Uses. Jilid 1. London: Oxford University Press.

Nair, M.N.B. 1998. Wood Anatomy and Major Uses of Wood. Serdang: Fakulti Perhutanan, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Noraini, T., Solihani, N.S., Khatijah, H. & Chung, R.C.K. 2008. Comparative petiole and midrib anatomical characters in selected species of Coelostegia (Bombacaceae) in Malaysia. Proceeding of the 3rd Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources. hlm.712-716.  

Nyffeler, R. & Baum, D.A. 2001. Systematics and character evolution in Durio s.lat. (Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae or Bombacaceae-Durioneae). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 1(3): 165-178.

Nyffeler, R. & Baum, D.A. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of the durians (Bombacaceae-Durioinae or Malvaceae-Helicterioideae-Durionae) based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence. Plant Systematics and Evolution 224(1-2): 55-82.

Pearson, S.R. & Brown, H.P. 1932. Commercial Timbers of India: Their Distribution, Supplies, Anatomical Structure, Physical and Mechanical Properties and Uses. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch.

Refaat, J., Desoky, S.Y., Ramadan, M.A. & Kamel, M.S. 2012. Bombacaceae: A phytochemical review. Pharmaceutical Biology 51(1): 100-130.

Richter, V.H.G. 1981. Anatomie Des Sekundaren Xylems Und Der Rinde Der Lauraceae. Hamburg: Verlag Paul Parey.

Salma, I. 2011. Durio of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute.

Schweingruber, F.H., Borner, A. & Schulze, E.D. 2006. Atlas of Woody Plant Stems: Evolution, Structure and Environmental Modifications. New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Sneath, P.H.A. 1976. Phenetic taxonomy at the species level and above. Taxon 25(4): 437-450.

Ter Welle, B.J.H. 1976. Silica grains in woody plants of the Neotropics, especially Surinam. Dlm. Wood Structure in Biological and Technological Research, disunting oleh Baas, P., Bolton, A.J. & Catling, D.M. Siri ke-3. Leiden: Leiden University Press, Leiden Botanical. hlm. 107-142.

Terada, K. & Suzuki, M. 1998. Revision of the so-called ‘Reevesia’ fossil woods from the Tertiary in Japan-A proposal of the genus Wataria (Sterculiaceae). Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 103: 235-251.

Wheeler, E.A., Baas, P. & Gasson, P.E. 1989. IAWA List of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bulletin 10(3): 219-332.

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: nordahlia@frim.gov.my