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Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia

59 (1) 2025 –

The Impact of The Regulatory Distance Index of Non-Tariff Measures on Agri-Food in Apec Countries
Impak Indeks Perbezaan Peraturan Pengukuran Bukan Tarif terhadap Sektor Agromakanan Negara-Negara Kerjasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik (APEC)

Faculty of Economics and Management
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA.

surayya@mpc.gov.my

Faculty of Economics and Management
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA.

tamat@ukm.edu.my

Faculty of Economics and Management
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA.

shafiinshukor@gmail.com

Fakulti Perniagaan Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Sosial
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, MALAYSIA.

rias@umt.edu.my

Faculty of Economics and Management
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA.

nrlin@ukm.edu.my

Abstract

The agriculture sector is increasingly subject to trade barriers that affect its global supply chain. This study examines the intricate relationship between non-tariff measures (NTMs) and trade in the agricultural and food products through various models, including pooled, fixed effects, random effects, and the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood model. The study emphasized that economic strength, in both exporting and importing countries, significantly influences the export of agri-food products. Geographic distance is a consistent trade barrier, highlighting the significance of proximity in international trade. The impact of exchange rates is multifaceted differing across models. The regulatory distance index of NTMs presents varying impacts, with positive and negative coefficient becoming more pronounced through entity-specific factors. Since NTMs are increasingly shaping global trade, particularly in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), these complex relationships need better understanding to minimize trade barriers and promote growth in the sector. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers, industry players, and researchers, underlining the importance of addressing NTMs towards formulating harmonized regulatory standards to boost trade and economic growth. Future researcher should explore the evolving dynamics of NTMs in the global trade landscape.

Keywords

agri-food; APEC; non-tariff measures (ntms); poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood model; Regulatory distance index
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2025-5901-4
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Abdul Samad, Nor Surayya and Sarmidi, Tamat and Shukor, Md Shafiin and K V Zainuddin, Muhamad Rias and Khalid, Norlin (2025). The Impact of The Regulatory Distance Index of Non-Tariff Measures on Agri-Food in Apec Countries. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 59(1), –. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2025-5901-4

@article{samad2025the,
  title={The Impact of The Regulatory Distance Index of Non-Tariff Measures on Agri-Food in Apec Countries},
  author={Abdul Samad, Nor Surayya and Sarmidi, Tamat and Shukor, Md Shafiin and K V Zainuddin, Muhamad Rias and Khalid, NorlinAbdul Samad, Nor Surayya and Sarmidi, Tamat and Shukor, Md Shafiin and K V Zainuddin, Muhamad Rias and Khalid, Norlin},
  journal={Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia},
  volume={59},
  number={1},
  pages={—},
 

year={2025},
}

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