Sains Ma1aysiana 26(1): 79-94 (1997)                                                                                                           Sains Hayat/

                                                                                                                                                                                Life Sciences

 

Biological Control of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.),

Using Parasitoids and Bacteria: A Review

 

 

Idris A. B.

Jabatan Zoologi

Fakulti Sains Hayat

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi

 

Norhayati Abdul Mukti

Jabatan Sains Maklumat

Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

43600 UKM Bangi Selangor D. E

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

Resistance of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostela (L), to coventional pesticides and concerns about environmental quality have lead to increased worldwide efforts to develop viable biocontrol methods for DBM. The success of using parasitoids, especially larval parasitoids like Diadegma, Cotesia and Microplitis species for controlling DBM have been reported in several countries. These larval parasitoids of DBM are commonly found in the field. Diadegma semiclausum (=eucerophaga) Hellen is the major parasitoid of DBM in Europe and Asia, while Diadegma insulare (Cresson) are predominates in the Americas. To date, the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subspecies kurstaki, has been the most widely used DBM pathogen. Although it is environment friendly pesticides, its effectiveness always vary with weather, field location and frequency of application per season. These are the main factors that contribute to the slow acceptance of B.thuringiensis by the cabbage growers worldwide. Because of this many studies have been done to improve its efficacay and persistence in the field. This paper provides an overview of the current status of these agents for use in controlling DBM and suggest research that is needed to improve the usefulness of these biocontrol agents and to maximize their impact on the DBM management in the future.

 

ABSTRAK

 

Ketahanan rama-rama belakang-intan (diamondback moth), Plutella xylostella (L.), kepada semua racun-racun perosak yang biasa digunakan untuk mengawalnya dan keprihatinan terhadap kualiti alam sekitar telah menyebabkan bertambahnya usaha mencari beberapa kaedah kawalan biologi rama-rama ini di seluruh dunia. Kejayaan menggunakan parasitoids, terutamanya parasitoid larva seperti spesies Diadegma, Cotesia dan Microplitis bagi kawalan serangga ini telah dilaporkan oleh beberapa negara. Parasitoid-parasitoid larva ini mudah didapati di lapangan. Diadegma semiclausum (=eucerophaga) Hellen adalah merupakan parasitoid utama di Eropah dan Asia, sementara Diadegma insulare (Cresson) predominen di benua America. Sehingga kini, bakteria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subspesies kurstaki, adalah sejenis patogen serangga yang digunakan secara meluas untuk mengawal rama-rama tersebut. Walaupun B. thuringiensis adalah sejenis racun makhluk perosak yang tidak mencemari alam sekitar, tahap keberkesanan tindakannya adalah kerap berubah-ubah mengikut perubahan cuaca, lokasi lapangan dan kekerapan penggunaannya. Ini adalah merupakan faktor-faktor penting yang menyebabkan kelambatan penerimaannya oleh penanam-penanam kobis di merata dunia. Oleh sebab inilah banyak kajian telah dan sedang dijalankan bagi memperbaiki tahap keberkesanan dan persistentnya di lapangan. Kertas ini disedia bagi memperihalkan status penggunaan kedua-dua jenis agen kawalan biologi disamping mengesyurkan penyelidikan yang perlu dibuat untuk mempertingkatkan kegunaan dan memaksimumkan dampaknya dalam pengurusan rama-rama ini masa akan datang.

 

RUJUKAN/REFERENCES

 

Adam, S. 1994. Agriculture Research. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, July: 1-7.

Ankersmith, G. W. 1953. DDT-resistance in Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lep.) in Java. Bulletin of Entomological Research 44: 421-425.

Beegle, C. C., Dulmage, H. T., Wolfenbarger, D. A., and Martinez, E. 1981. Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner insecticidal activity on cotton foliage. Environmental Entomology 10:400-401.

Bach, C. E. and Tabashnik, B.E. 1990. Effects of nonhost plant neighbours on population densities and parasitism rates of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Environmental Entomology 19:987-994.

Biever, K. D., Hosterter, D. L., and Karen, J, R. 1994. Evolution and implementation of a biological control-WM system for crucifers: 24-Year case History. American Entomologist 40: 103-108.

Chiang, F-M. and Sun, C-N. 1991. Detoxifying enzymes and susceptibility to several insecticides of Apantales plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), parasitoids of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae. Environmental Entomology 20:1687-1690.

Cartwright, B., Schatzer, R. J., Morrison, W. P., and Chambers, C. 1992. Economics of managing lepidopterous cabbage pests in the southwestern United States. In Talekar, N.S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec., 1990, pp, 351-362

Fox, L. R., Letourneau, D. K., Eisenbach, J., and Gan Nouhuys, S. 1990. Parasitism rates and sex ratios of a parasitoid wasp: effect of herbivore and plant quality. Oecologia 83: 414-419.

Harcourt, D. G. 1986. Population dynamic of the damondback moth in southern Ontario. In Talekar, N. S. and Griggs, T. D. (eds.), Diamondback moth management. Proceedings of the first International Workshop. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. 11-15 March, 1985. pp.    1­-15.

Idris, A. B. and Grafius, E. 1993a. Differential toxicity of pesticides to Diadegma insulare (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and it host, the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomolgy 86: 529-536.

Idris, A. B. and Grafius, E. 1993b. Pesticides affects immature stages of Diadegma insulare (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and its host, the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 86: 1203­1212.

Idris, A. B. 1995. Ecology and behaviour of Diadegma insulare (Cresson), a biological control agents of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Ph. D Dissertation, Michigan State University.

Idris, A. B. and Grafius, E. 1995. Wildflowers as nectar sources for Diadegma insulare (Hymennoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Environemtal Entomology 24:1726-1735.

Idris, A. B. and Grafius, E. 1996a. Effects of wild and cultivated host plants on oviposition, survival, and development of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Environemtal Entomology 25:825-833.

Idris, A. B. dan Grafius, E. 1996b. A comparative study on the potential use of sticky traps and visual method for monitoring Diadegma insulare (Cresson) in the field. Malaysian Applied Biology. In Press.

Kao, S. Sand Tzeng, C. C. 1992. Toxicity of insecticides to Cotesia plutellae, a parasitoid of diamondback moth. In Talekar, N.S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifers pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 287-296.

Keinmeesuke, P., Vattanatangum, A., Sarnthoy, 0., Sayampol, P. Miyata, T., Saito, T., Kuji, F. and Sinchanakasuiri, N. 1992. Life table of diamondback moth and its egg parasites Trichogrammatoidae bactrae in Thailand. In Talekar, N.S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifers pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 309-316.

Lim, G. S. 1986. Biological control of the diamondback moth. In Talekar, N.S. and Griggs, T. D. (eds.), Diamondback moth management. Proceedings of the first International Workshop. Asian Vegetable Researh and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. 11-15 March, 1985, pp. 159-171.

Loke, W. H., Lim G. S., Syed A. R., Abdul Aziz, A. M., Rani, M. Y., Jusuh, M. M., Cheah, U. B. and Fauziah, I. 1992. Management of diamondback moth in Malaysia: development, implementation and impact. In Talekar, N. S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Deveopment Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 529-540.

Mustata, G. 1992. Role of parasitoid complex in limiting the population of diamondback moth in Moldavia, Romania. In Talekar, N. S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifers pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 201-212.

Sastrosiswojo, S. and Sastrodiharjo, S. 1986. Status of biological control of diamondback moth by introduction of parasitoid Diadegma eucerophaga in Indonesia. In Talekar, N. S. and Griggs, T. D. (eds.), Diamondbanck moth management. Proceedings of the first International Workshop. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. 11-15 March, 1985, pp. 185-194.

Sastrosiswojo, S. and Setiawati, W. 1992. Biology and control of Crocidolomia binotalis in Indonesia. In Talekar, N.S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 81-90.

Shelton, AM., Andaloro., J. T. and Hoy, C. W. 1983. Survey of ground-dwelling predaceous and parasitic arthropods in cabbage fields in Upstate New York. Environmental Entomology 12: 1026-1030.

Shelton, A M. and Wyman, J. A 1992. Insecticide resistance of diamondback moth in North America. In Talekar, N.S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 447­454.

Shelton, A M. and Tang, T. J. 1994. Management of Plutella xylostella on Bt­transgenic plants: Influence of instar, movement, and refuge density. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of Entomological Society of America, 13-17 December, Dallas, USA.

Soares, G. G. and Quick, T. C. 1992. MVP, a novel bionsecticide, for the control of diamondback moth. In Talekar, N.S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 129­-138.   

Tabashnik, B. E., Finson, N., Schwartz, J. M., Caprio, M. A and Johnson, M. W. 1992. Diamondback moth resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Hawaii. In Talekar, N. S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 175-184.

Tabashnik, B. E. Cushing, N., Fionson, N., and Johnson, W. M. 1990. Field development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamonback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83:1671-1679.

Talekar, N. S., and Griggs, T. D. 1986. Diamonback moth management. Proceeding of the First International Workshop, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Shanhua, Taiwan, 11-15 March, 1985. AVRDC Publication No. 86-248.

Talekar, N.S. 1992. Management of diamondback moth and other crucifers pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, Shanhua, Taiwan, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.

Talekar, N. S., Yang, J. C. and Lee, S. T. 1992. Introduction of Diadegma semiclausum to control diamondback moth in Taiwan. In Talekar, N. S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 263-270.

Talekar, N. S. and Shelton, A. M. 1993. Biology, ecology, management of the diamonback moth. Annual Review of Entomology, 38: 275-301.

Tang, T. 1. and Shelton, A. M. 1995. Consequences of shared toxins in strains of Bacillus thuringiensis for resistance in diamondbanck moth. Resistant Pest Management 7:5-7.

Waage, J. and Cherry, A. 1992. Quantifying the impact of parasitoids on the Diamondback moth. In Talekar, N.S. (ed). Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop. Agricultural Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan, 10-14 Dec. 1990, pp. 245­-258.

Wilding, N. 1986. The pathogens of diamonback moth and their potential for its control-Review. In Talekar, N. S. and Griggs, T. D. (eds.), Diamondback moth managment. Proceedings of the first International Workshop. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. 11-15 March, 1985, pp. 219-238.

 

 

 

 

sebelumnya