Sains Malaysiana 44(3)(2015): 317–323

Dry Deposition of SO₂ over Dry Dipterocarp Forest, Thailand

(Pemendapan Kering SO₂ ke atas Hutan Kering Dipterokarpa, Thailand)

PHUVASA CHANONMUANG^1,2*, POJANIE KHUMMONGKOL³ & KAZUHIDE MATSUDA⁴

¹Environmental Technology Division, The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment

King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha U-thit Rd., Bang-Mod

Bangkok 10140, Thailand

²Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 235 Moo 3 Technopolis,

Rungsit Nakornayok Rd., Klong 5, Klong-Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

³Environmental Technology Division, School of Energy Environment and Materials

King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha U-thit Rd., Bang-Mod

Bangkok 10140. Thailand

⁴Faculty of Agriculture Field Science Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology

3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan

Received: 3 June 2014/Accepted: 14 September 2014

ABSTRACT

The aerodynamic gradient method was applied to estimate dry deposition flux of SO₂ over dry deciduous forest in Nakorn Ratchasima province, Thailand. The meteorological parameters and concentrations of SO₂ were measured in real time for one year on the experimental tower at 36 and 27 m high. The flux observed in the wet season were found two times higher than the value observed in the dry seasons, i.e. 20±7.58 and 10±11.05 ng m-2 ^s-1, respectively. The leaf area index and the ambient humidity were believed to assert the rate of SO₂ deposition. The average friction velocities were estimated to be 0.26±0.02 and 0.48±0.06 m s–¹, for the dry and the wet season, respectively. The friction velocity was very much depended on the surface roughness of the forest canopy. The Vd of SO₂ evaluated by the aerodynamic gradient was compared with Vd calculated by the resistance model. It was found that the observed Vd was in close proximity with the model prediction in daytime in all conditions, i.e. wet, dry and annual average. The annual average Vd determined by the Aerodynamic gradient was 0.43±0.06 cm s^-1.

Keywords: Aerodynamic gradient; deposition velocity; resistance model; sulfur dioxide

ABSTRAK

Kaedah kecerunan aerodinamik digunakan untuk menganggarkan pemendapan kering SO₂ ke atas hutan kering di wilayah Nakorn Ratchasima, Thailand. Parameter meteorologi dan kepekatan SO₂ diukur pada masa sebenar untuk satu tahun di menara eksperimen pada ketinggian 36 dan 27 m. Fluks yang diperhatikan pada musim hujan mempunyai nilai dua kali ganda lebih tinggi daripada nilai yang diperhatikan pada dalam musim kering, iaitu masing-masing pada 20±7.58 dan 10±11.05 ng m-2 s^-1. Indeks kawasan daun dan kelembapan sekeliling digunakan untuk mendapatkan kadar pemendapan SO₂. Geseran purata kelajuan dianggarkan masing-masing pada 0.26±0.02 dan 0.48±0.06 m s^–¹ untuk musim kering dan hujan. Halaju geseran sangat bergantung kepada kekasaran permukaan kanopi hutan. Vd SO₂ dinilai melalui kecerunan aerodinamik dibandingkan dengan Vd yang dikira melalui model rintangan. Didapati bahawa penilaian Vd hampir sama dengan ramalan model di siang hari dalam semua keadaan, iaitu basah, kering dan purata tahunan. Purata tahunan Vd yang ditentukan melalui kecerunan aerodinamik adalah pada 0.43±0.06 cm s^-1.

Kata kunci: Halaju pemendapan; kecerunan aerodinamik; model rintangan; sulfur dioksida

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*Corresponding author; email: phuvasa@tistr.or.th