Technological advancements in the modern food industry have led to the emergence of increasingly complex food products such as genetically modified foods (GMF), cultured meat, plant-based synthetic pork, and the use of gelatin in modern food items. Consequently, these developments have raised various legal (sharī‘ah) questions among Muslim consumers. The ambiguity surrounding the halal status of these products does not solely stem from their sources and processing methods but is also closely linked to the differing approaches adopted by local and international fatwa institutions. For instance, divergent opinions exist among Malaysia’s National Fatwa Council (JAKIM), the European Fatwa Council, the Moroccan Conference on Medical Jurisprudence, and the International Islamic Fiqh Academy (OIC) in evaluating the legal status of porcine-based gelatin under the concept of istihalah (transformation). Therefore, this study aims to identify the application of contemporary fatwas on modern food products and to discuss the role of fatwa institutions in addressing these emerging issues. This research adopts a qualitative approach by analyzing fatwa rulings, academic journals, and official reports from relevant bodies. The findings reveal that the concept of contemporary fatwa grounded in modern ijtihad, the integration of expert scientific opinion (ra’yu alkhubara’), and scientific assessment plays a central role in determining legal rulings. Fatwa institutions and the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) play a crucial role in screening and assessing modern food issues based on the principles of Maqasid al-Shariah, while providing clear and relevant legal guidance to the public. The approach adopted involves contemporary ijtihad that considersMaqasid al-Shariah, fiqh methodologies such as sadd al-dhara’i’, and strong collaboration between Shariah authorities and food science experts enabling comprehensive and balanced legal evaluation in the issuance of rulings.

KEYWORDS
Fatwa, Halal, Ijtihad, Modern food, Maqasid al-Shariah

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