Makalah ini menelusuri Sejarah dan latar belakang komuniti Rohingya di Myanmar melalui analisis Sejarah berasaskan kronologi bagi memahami pembentukan identiti etnik, perubahan kedudukan sosiopolitik dan proses peminggiran yang berpanjangan hingga ke era kontemporari. Perbincangan difokuskan kepada tiga fasa utama, iaitu zaman pra-kolonial, kolonial dan pasca-kolonial bagi memahami interaksi antara komuniti Rohingya dengan perdagangan, agama, kuasa politik dan pentadbiran yang berubah-ubah yang membentuk realiti kehidupan komuniti Rohingya sebagai kelompok tanpa negara. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan dengan mengaplikasi teknik “process tracing” bagi meneliti dan menganalisis data sekunder yang diperoleh daripada sumber arkib, catatan pengembara, rekod kolonial serta penulisan ilmiah bagi membina naratif sejarah yang kritikal dan kontekstual. Berdasarkan kajian ini dapat dirumuskan bahawa komuniti Rohingya bukan pembentukan moden bahkan mempunyai akar sejarah yang panjang di wilayah Arakan melalui penyebaran Islam melalui jaringan perdagangan maritim dan hubungan rentas budaya serta pernah memainkan peranan penting dalam struktur sosial, ekonomi dan pentadbiran kerajaan Arakan terdahulu. Namun, peralihan kuasa politik khususnya penaklukan oleh Myanmar dan campur tangan kolonial British telah mengubah kedudukan mereka secara drastik yang membawa kepada penafian identiti dan hak kewarganegaraan yang dimuktamadkan melalui Undang-Undang Kewarganegaraan 1982. Sebagai rumusan, makalah ini berhujah bahawa krisis Rohingya pada masa kini tidak dapat difahami secara terasing daripada konteks sejarahnya dan analisis sejarah yang berlapis adalah penting untuk mencabar naratif Kerajaan Myanmar yang meminggirkan kewujudan dan legitimasi komuniti ini.

During the Cold War, desinicisation played a crucial role as part of the Malayan counterinsurgency war. The act of diluting the feeling of Chinese identity, as shown by the case study of the Chinese diaspora in the Federation of Malaya, has two broader ramifications. Internally, the process of desinicisation (implemented in tandem with Malayanisation) played a vital role in ensuring the allegiance of the unassimilated Chinese population in the battle against Communist insurrection. It was implemented as part of broader constitutional and political changes aimed at achieving decolonisation and establishing a multi-ethnic nation-state in Malaya. Externally, desinicisation functioned as a dynamic force that prevented any association with either the People’s Republic of China (PRC) or Taiwan (Formosa), thus severing the legal and political connections between the Chinese diaspora in Malaya and the Chinese governments. This paper explores the efforts made by the Federation of Malaya to diminish the Chinese cultural influence on the national identity of the Malayan Chinese diaspora during the Malayan Emergency. Desinicisation was significant in the formation of a new national identity among the Chinese population in Malaya, under the backdrop of increasing Malayan nationalism, communal conflicts, Communist insurrection, and the process of British decolonisation.

Niklas Luhmann was a German sociologist who works in the tradition of functional-structuralism or equivalence functionalism. This is clearly reflected in his social systems theory. By reducing society to its functionality, Luhmann is in line with other grand theorists, such as Hegel, Kant, and Marx. However, compared to those German thinkers, Luhmann is not interested in locating his theory based on moral communication. On the other hand, his social systems theory is amoral in nature. This framework could rescue social systems theory from being trapped in moral communication, which should rather the be elements of environment. With the sacred distinction of system/environment, social systems theory underlines a clear separation between the domain of morality (environment) and amorality (social systems). Unfortunately, this move places Luhmann as a post-humanist thinker since man and humanity do not have a structural role in social systems theory. Fortunately, as a result of proposing a higher level of amorality in social systems theory, therefore, society in the perspective of Luhmann is immuned to a certain extent of moral communication. This will eventually protect society from the complexity of environment, including the dark side of human nature.

My research examined internet subcultures where fans unofficially translate multimedia into English by their own volition, and not for profit but for passion. These multimedia include various forms of folklore, such as fiction, art, and comics/manga. The case study we are focusing on in particular is that of English translations of Chinese online fiction. Among my publications which discuss this topic is Game of Translations: Virtual Community doing English Translations of Chinese Online Fiction. In this study, I outline how I first encountered this particular phenomenon of Chinese online fiction, and how I eventually discovered the fans’ English translation, as well as the evolution of how translator-fans themselves began writing their own original online fiction in English, based on Chinese cultural tropes. I explain my methods of immersing myself in this community, from an outsider’s perspective, and how I attempted to understand the cultural logic behind fandom production of cultural material, which is itself an ongoing and organic process. Among other things, I discovered that a lot of social learning takes place within these fandom interactivities, and these too enable discourse to be extended into the realm of education. There is a process of gamification, where fans do not view this activity as labour, but as a gamified practice that occurs within an imagined community. My connected study on another form of fandom, cosplay, as well as the evolution of fan translation into the production of original content, is also shared.

From Bronislaw Malinowski’s exile-turned-ethnography to Clifford Geertz’s thick description of Balinese cockfight and to the digital turn, ethnography has been part and parcel to the anthropology discipline. Nevertheless, in an era of health risks brought about by a global pandemic, social distancing rules have become the new norm, and will remain in the foreseeable future. Where ethnography involves the insertion of the researcher in a community with close person-to-person communication and participation in the community, the restrictions of infection preventive interventions make such endeavour difficult, if not impossible – laying to waste the operationality of traditional ethnographic fieldwork. What, then, lies in the future of ethnography? This piece suggests for a re-imagination of the constitution of ethnography, and to where it may lead in postcoronavirus times.

In the history of mankind, as a historical process, nation-states have experienced long stages of emergence, development and extinction. In this process, there is not only the division of the ethnic groups themselves but also the reintegration between ethnic groups. Differentiation and integration, as the variation of national attributes in the process of national development, is a relatively common phenomenon in Chinese history and one of the basic laws and characteristics of the development of national relations. There are 55 ethnic minorities in China, and the Hui is the second largest ethnic minority. This paper mainly studies the assimilation of the Hui ethnicity. According to Ashraf & Galor (2007), cultural assimilation is the process by which a relatively weak, primitive culture, and a relatively strong, advanced, and sophisticated culture come into contact with each other, where the former gradually becomes introduced to, and learns from the advanced culture, and then, under the latter’s influence, and acquire the characteristics of the advanced civilization. According to Cooke (2008), under the common theme of peace and development, the development of national culture has become the focus of attention for all countries and nations, and national culture is an important expression of a country’s image and comprehensive national strength. In the background of the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in a new era, realizing the development and prosperity of all nationalities is one of the themes in the efforts of the Chinese nation.

This article examines the consumption of foods among the middle-class Malays in Malaysia and the marketing of new food products that have been constructed to meet the halal certification. Foods are reconstructed to allow the more significant market consumption based on culture and religion. This research utilizes the qualitative method through narrative stories from respondents to conceptualize the changing marketing strategies. The findings highlight that human desire for a new taste of foods urges the manufacturers to be creative in producing new food products that are syariah compliant. It also creates a modern lifestyle and demands the community to be more integrated and supported by different ethnic groups. This paper offers new insights into foods consumption and marketing strategies influenced by religion, culture, norms, income, and health. The halal food industries may venture into fresh foods products, including oriental and occidental, that are constructed to meet the demands of the Muslim communities.

Makanan adalah salah satu daripada tiga keperluan utama manusia, iaitu makanan dan pakaian. Selain menjadi keperluan manusia utama, makanan adalah budaya. Mana-mana makanan digunakan sebagai makanan oleh manusia, cara memprosesnya, melayani, dan memakannya, semuanya diatur dalam budaya dan melalui pengesahan budaya. Kebudayaan menentukan makanan apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai makanan atau budaya menjadikan klasifikasi makanan tradisional, budaya menentukan cara memproses makanan, dan budaya juga menentukan bagaimana makanan dihidangkan. Itulah sebabnya dalam pelbagai budaya dan kumpulan etnik kita mencari pelbagai jenis makanan dan pemprosesan makanan yang berbeza.

Kertas ringkas ini cuba menggambarkan makanan dan pemprosesan makanan di beberapa kawasan Minangkabau di Sumatera Barat dan Karo di Sumatera Utara. Kertas kerja ini bukan hasil penyelidikan penulis secara bebas, tetapi hasil dari pengalaman penulis dalam menghadiri beberapa kerja lapangan (fieldwork) bersama dengan pensyarah dan pengalaman dalam mengikuti penyelidikan pensyarah. Kerja lapangan dijalankan bukan sahaja untuk melatih para pelajar untuk melihat kehidupan sosial dan kebudayaan masyarakat secara langsung, tetapi juga untuk melatih menggunakan kaedah kualitatif, dengan teknik pemerhatian dan wawancara.

As Asia experiences rapid economic development, it is impacted by both positive and negative aspects. Rapid urbanisation and the growth of mega cities in Asia negatively impacts the quality of life of the urban poor, as well as people in rural areas and abandoned farming land. However, there are grassroots community experiences in Asia, which are revitalising the rural economy, through community organisation, empowerment of women, and creative interventions via sustainable business models and good governance principles. This article highlights three case studies from India, Indonesia and China to illustrate this concept, while drawing lessons from transforming economic priorities into social solidarity economies.

Although actively preparing for increased integration in the region in 2015, Thailand is often cited as one of ASEAN’s most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous member. This article considers Javanese presence, and influence in Central Thai between the Ayutthaya period and early Bangkok period, asking whether Siam’s captivation with Javanese cultural forms represent an anomaly or reflect Ayutthaya’ cosmopolitan past. I begin by summarising references to Javanese presence in Ayutthaya and Bangkok in a range of primary and secondary sources. These confirm that, although located inland on a navigable river, Ayutthaya resembled the maritime city-states of the era. Drawing extensively on the work of Davisakd Puaksom, I consider the personalities and processes involved in the arrival, adoption, and adaption of the Javanese epic, Panji, best known in Thailand as Inao. Far from a cultural anomaly, I argue that Siam’s Inao fetish is a reminder about the region’s connectedness, and that Ayutthaya was strikingly similar to cosmopolitan Melaka.

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 62 (December), ISBN 9789670741581

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 61 (March), ISBN 9789670741536

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 60 (January), ISBN 9789670741512

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 59 (December), ISBN 9789670741483

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 58 (October), ISBN 9789670741475

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 57 (September), ISBN 9789670741468

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 56 (December), ISBN 978-967-0741-41-3

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 55 (October), ISBN 978-967-0741-40-6

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 54 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-39-0

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 53 (May), ISBN 978-967-0741-38-3

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 52 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-37-6

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 51 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-31-4

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 50 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-27-7

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 49 (April), ISBN 978-967-0741-26-0

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 48 (March), ISBN 978-967-0741-25-3

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 47 (March), ISBN 978-967-0741-24-6

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 46 (March), ISBN 978-967-0741-23-9

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 45 (February), ISBN 978-967-0741-22-2

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 44 (December), ISBN 978-967-0741-21-5

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 43 (November), ISBN 978-967-0741-19-2

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 42 (September), ISBN 978-967-0741-18-5

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 41 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-17-8

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 40 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-16-1

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 39 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-15-4

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 38 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-14-7

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 37 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-13-0

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 36 (August), ISBN 978-967-0741-12-3

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 35 (June), ISBN 978-967-0741-10-9

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 34 (November), ISBN 978-967-0741-03-1

Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik Bil. 33 (September), ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 32 (September). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 31 (July), ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 30 (May). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 29 (April). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 28 (April). ISSN 2180-1193 (not in print)

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 27 (April). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 25 (January). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 24 (December). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 23 (December). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 22 (November). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 21 (October). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 20 (April). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 19 (March). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 18 (May). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 17 (January). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 16 (December). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 15 (November). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 14 (October). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 13 (October). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 12 (September). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 11 (September). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 10 (August). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 9 (August). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 8 (July). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 7 (June). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 6 (December). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 5 (November). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 4 (October). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 3 (September). ISSN 2180-1193

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 2 (November) ISBN 978-983-44318-1-5

UKM Ethnic Studies Paper Series No. 1 (November) ISBN 978-983-44318-0-8