Volume 37 (03) May 2025

This paper presents the acoustic emission characteristics for asphalt pavements under real load conditions. With the increasing number of vehicles on the roadways causing more damage and deterioration to asphalt pavements, effective monitoring is necessary to prolong the life of asphalt pavement structures. To determine these properties, real-time monitoring of asphalt pavements using acoustic emissions technique was conducted in the field. The study focused on Lebuh Ilmu Road at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, a continuation of the main federal road. This real-time monitoring was carried out from 8:00 am to 9:30 am, and the number of passing vehicles was counted. Three sensors were placed on the roadway at 2 m intervals using magnetic holders. The acoustic emission data collected by the sensors were digitized, stored, and visualized. The parameters of the acoustic emissions including amplitude, rise time, rise angle, and average frequency were analyzed and discussed. The study revealed that there was a difference in the variation of the acoustic emission parameters, influenced by the cyclic loading of passing vehicles. The values of the acoustic emission parameters such as amplitude, rise time, rise angle, and average frequency increased with the increasing cyclic loading by passing vehicles. This suggests that the application of acoustic emissions in asphalt pavements has great potential for determining the integrity of the pavement structure.

Keywords: Asphalt pavement; acoustic emission; real-time monitoring; cyclic loading; average frequency

Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) is increasingly utilised in construction for its advantageous properties such as self-compaction and cost-effectiveness. However, well-established models are lacking in predicting its fresh and hardened properties, particularly when incorporating Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Statistical models have been carried out to model the influence of key mixture parameters (water-to-cementitious material ratio, WPSA percentage, and total cementitious material) on fresh and hardened properties affecting the performance of CLSM through the application of Central Composite Design (CCD). Such responses included flowability, bleeding, segregation, initial stiffening time, and unconfined compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Twenty mixtures were prepared to derive the numerical models and evaluate the accuracy. The models were valid for a wide range of mixture proportioning. The research presented derived numerical models that can be useful in reducing the test procedures and trials needed to proportion CLSM. The qualities of these models were evaluated based on several factors, such as level prediction, residual error, residual mean square, and correlation coefficients. Full quadratic models in all the responses (flowability, bleeding, segregation, initial stiffening time, and unconfined compressive strength at 7 and 28 days) showed a high correlation coefficient (R2), adjusted correlation coefficient, less level of significance, and the sum of square errors (SSE) from the two predictions models (linear and full quadratic) were developed.

Keywords: Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM); Fresh CLSM; Hardened CLSM; central composite

One of the biggest challenges facing the construction industry is how to properly dispose of garbage that comes from demolishing older buildings. Reusing leftover concrete offers a chance to lessen the demand for mining fresh natural resources, such as sand, which can help to prevent resource depletion. The objective of this research are to determine the bending strength of two-hollow interlocking concrete blocks with 50% recycled concrete aggregates under three-point loading. 1:4 concrete mix was made using the required elements, which include cement, 50% sand, 50% recycled concrete aggregates, 1% Sika ViscoCrete-2192, and water. Three different sample are produced by the research: cubes, solid interlocking concrete blocks, and two-hollow interlocking concrete blocks. Various tests were conducted, including flexural, compression, water absorption, and flow table tests. Particularly, the flexural strength of Two-Hollow Interlocking Concrete Blocks (THICB) measuring 360 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm was compared to Solid Interlocking Concrete Blocks (SICIB) subjected to water curing for 7, 14, and 28 days. Compared to the control sample, mortar cubes with RCA had the maximum compressive strength, 34.69 MPa. THICB has an ultimate load of 14.06 kN, but SICIB has a greater ultimate load of 14.46 kN. This structure holds promise for future commercialization as a desirable element, aligning with the growing emphasis on sustainability in the civil industry. By integrating recycled materials, construction efforts can advance in a more sustainable manner, promoting the development of resilient and environmentally friendly infrastructure.

Keywords: Recycled concrete aggregates; interlocking concrete block; compressive strength; flexural strength

The occurrence of damage in reinforced concrete (RC) beams is influenced by various factors such as the material properties. The localisation of invisible damage and the identification of the critical stress state leading to structural damage or failure of the steel bars are crucial tasks in structural diagnosis. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate the behaviour of steel bars using magnetic metal memory (MMM) before any significant stress or load has been applied. Two types of reinforcement were prepared, differing in the tensile part. Steel bars with a size of 12 mm and 16 mm were used for the tensile part. A total of six reinforcements were prepared for each size of steel bars. The MMM was used to scan the behaviour of the steel bars in the tensile section along the scan line of 1150 mm. From the MMM test, two magnetic flux leakage signals were analysed: Component signals, Hp-2 and normal gradient signals, dH(y)/dx. It was found that the larger variations observed in the 16 mm steel bar could indicate a greater susceptibility to defects or stress concentrations in the material. The differences in the signal patterns between the two diameters could also reflect the response of the material. This study is of significant benefit as a baseline measurement to understand the initial condition of the steel and to better monitor and evaluate its performance throughout the life cycle of the reinforced concrete structure.

Keywords: Reinforcement; steel bar; fatigue; metal magnetic memory; component signal; magnetic flux leakage

Timber extraction in Malaysia is normally taking place deep within the forest, where accessibility poses a significant challenge. The current practise forest bridge involves the construction of temporary log stringer bridges for shortterm use, which are either dismantled or left to deteriorate after their intended period of usage. These temporary bridges are typically neglected post-logging, leading to degradation and collapsed due to strong water flow, erosion, and sedimentation. The adoption of modular and mobile bridge concepts is strongly recommended as these allow for easy transportation, installation at various sites, and reuse. This approach has the potential to reduce construction costs while facilitating post-harvesting activities for sustainable forest management practices. By implementing modular and mobile bridge concepts in the logging industry, the challenges of accessibility and postharvesting activities can be effectively addressed. This study investigates the inherent frequencies of modular timber beams using a combined approach of experimental and simulation methods. Experimental modal analysis was conducted on physical beam specimens to determine their natural frequencies and mode shapes. This study aims to investigate the potential use of Experimental Modal Analysis in evaluating the structural behaviour of modular concepts, particularly when incorporating mechanical connectors in timber beams. Findings indicate that as the number of beam segments increases, natural frequency decreases due to enhanced flexibility and reduced stiffness. Reinforcement which are expected to enhance beam stiffness, showed inconclusive results, potentially due to its discontinuous nature along the beam length.

Keywords: Natural frequency; mobile bridge; stiffness; modular; timber beam

The rising production of Clinical Waste Incineration Fly Ash (CWIFA) presents disposal challenges due to high costs, limited land availability, and pollution concerns. However, using CWIFA as a supplementary cementitious material in mortar could help reduce the reliance on Portland cement in construction. Before adopting this approach, it is essential to ensure that CWIFA is adequately solidified and stabilized in the mortar to prevent the leaching of harmful heavy metals into the environment. This study explores the use of CWIFA and silica fume (SF) as supplementary cementitious materials in mortar. Two series of samples were tested: Series 1 and Series 2, incorporating varying percentages of CWIFA (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) and SF (0% and 10%), with a constant fine aggregate-to-cementitious ratio of 2.75 by mass and constant water-to-cementitious ratio of 0.485. This study investigated the effect of adding CWIFA and SF on mortar’s strength properties. Additionally, the study found that a combination of Portland cement and 10% SF effectively enhances physical encapsulation and minimizes heavy metal leaching (nickel, arsenic, chromium, lead, and selenium) as determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP USEPA Method 1311). These findings suggest that incorporating CWIFA and SF can improve the strength performance of mortar mixtures and offer potential benefits for construction and environmental remediation.

Keywords: Clinical Waste; Clinical Waste Incineration Fly Ash; silica fume; leaching; Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP); environmental; stabilisation/solidification

Clinical waste (CW) treatment and disposal is a global concern for developing a sustainable society. Clinical waste refers to any liquid or solid waste containing infectious or potentially infectious materials from healthcare, laboratory, or research activities, including disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. This type of waste poses risks to healthcare staff, patients, and the surrounding community, increasing the potential for illness and damage. The World Health Organisation classifies medical waste into eight categories: infectious waste, sharps waste, pathological waste, pharmaceutical and cytotoxic waste, radioactive waste, and general waste. Hospitals, clinics, and healthcare facilities are primary sources of clinical waste. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the situation by increasing the volume of waste generated in healthcare settings. In Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DOE) oversees the management of clinical waste under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulation 1989. This regulation covers aspects such as labelling and identification, on-site storage and management, transportation, treatment, and disposal of clinical waste. This review article addresses key issues related to clinical waste management, including identification, classification, and the agencies involved. Additionally, it discusses the incineration process, and the environmental challenges associated with incineration plants.

Keywords: Clinical waste; clinical waste management; incineration; environmental; COVID-19

The escalating global demand for construction materials and the environmental impact of Portland cement production necessitates the exploration of sustainable alternatives. This study investigates the valorization of clinical waste incineration fly ash (CWIFA) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in mortar to enhance durability and reduce the environmental burden. The research aims to evaluate the influence of varying percentages of CWIFA (0-15%) and silica fume (SF) (0% and 10%) on chloride ion penetration resistance and total porosity. The study employs experimental methods, including the rapid chloride permeability test and vacuum saturation method, to assess durability performance. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are utilized to elucidate the microstructural mechanisms underlying the observed properties. The results showed that increasing CWIFA content generally increased chloride ion penetration, with the 15% CWIFA mix exhibiting a total charge passed (TCP) of 8446 Coulombs at 3 days. However, the addition of 10% SF significantly reduced TCP values, with all Series 2 mixes achieving very low permeability (TCP < 1000 Coulombs) after 90 days. The optimal CWIFA content for improving resistance was 5%. The total porosity decreased with curing age, and 10% SF consistently reduced porosity. The 5% CWIFA mix without SF showed the lowest total porosity of 14.47% after 180 days, while the 5% CWIFA mix with 10% SF exhibited 14.21%. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that CWIFA and SF enhanced the formation of hydration products, leading to a denser and more compact matrix, except at higher CWIFA levels where porosity increased. The findings support the use of CWIFA and SF as sustainable alternatives to Portland cement in mortar, promoting durability and a circular economy in construction.

Keywords: Clinical Waste Incineration Fly Ash (CWIFA); Silica Fume (SF); mortar; durability; microstructure.

FThe E steel-nib beam-to-column connection is a new connection technology involving a combination of concrete and steel materials in precast concrete frame structures. However, the E steel-nib beam-to-column connection is semirigid with lower moment resistance and greater rotation compared to rigid connections. During fires, semi-rigid connections are more prone to deflection and cracking at lower load values. The use of steel materials results in significant strength reduction and deformation at high temperatures. In this study, the thermal and structural behaviour of E steel-nib external beam-to-column connections at high temperatures is determined through nonlinear coupled thermal-structural analysis using ANSYS. The connection model is validated based on previous experimental results. A parametric study was conducted to compare the thermal and structural behaviour with concrete corbel and concrete nib type connections. Based on the finite element simulation results, the E steel-nib model was successfully validated with a percentage difference in internal temperature distribution and load-deflection curvature slope below 10%. The concrete nib model recorded the smallest deflection at 38 mm compared to the concrete corbel model at 47 mm and the E steel-nib model at 62 mm. The maximum load recorded by the concrete corbel model (71 kN) was 26.7% higher than the maximum load recorded by the concrete nib model (56 kN). The E steel-nib and concrete corbel models are categorized as structures with limited ductility, while the concrete nib model is categorized as a structure with elastic behaviour. The results of the nonlinear coupled structural-thermal analysis can benefit various stakeholders in the field of fire engineering.

Keyword: Nonlinear finite element analysis; beam-to-column connection; e steel-nib; fire resistance

Numerous methods have been implemented to overcome the issues related to sulfur corrosion in power transformers. The common method involves the use of metal passivators. However, metal passivators are nitrogen-based and sulfurbased, and they are non-biodegradable and toxic. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of natural ester fluid retrofilling in mitigating the deposition of copper sulfide on kraft paper insulation was investigated. Comparison was made with regards to accelerated thermal aging of two retrofilling fluids (mineral oil and natural ester fluid derived from soybean (FR3)). The higher value in surface resistivity of paper insulation aged in FR3 fluid (1.67×1011 Ω/sq) as compared to mineral oil (1.62×1011 Ω/sq) reflects the ability of this retrofilling fluid in inhibiting paper conductivity due to sulfur corrosion. The tensile strength of paper insulation immersed in FR3 fluid slowly deteriorates (5.6 kN/m) as opposed to the paper insulation immersed in mineral oil (5.44 kN/m). The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis show that the amounts of sulfur and copper deposited on paper insulation remain relatively invariant for the paper insulation sample immersed in the oil after retrofilling with FR3. The decrease in the amount of sulfur in insulating oil from 1.854 cps/ma (retrofilling with mineral oil) to 0.760 cps/ma (retrofilling with FR3) obtained from X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that retrofilling with FR3 fluid is the most effective technique in mitigating the deposition of copper sulfide on kraft paper insulation.

Keywords: Copper sulfide; mitigation method; natural ester; retrofilling; sulfur corrosion

A close-house system is being implemented to ensure zero discharge of wastewater from pig farms thereby reducing pollutants and enhancing water quality. Less maintenance by breeders in Kampung Selamat contributes to the wastewater’s black colouration and unpleasant odour. Grab sampling was conducted in 66 pig farms and one slaughterhouse to ascertain the pollution pattern in the pig farms’ effluent. The collected samples are analysed for the parameter pH, temperature, Suspended Solid (SS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The research showed that the critical parameters identified are AN, BOD and COD. According to the Environmental Quality Act 1974, the permissible limits for the parameters AN, BOD and COD are 20mg/L, 50mg/L and 200mg/L respectively. In September, the number of pig farms that surpassed the limit for AN was 60, while 46 exceeded the BOD limit and 30 exceeded the COD criteria. In November, the quantity of pig farms surpassing the thresholds for metrics AN, BOD, and COD was 51, 21, and 40, respectively. The Pearson correlation analysis conducted with SPSS indicates a poor relationship between the type of housing system and the parameters AN, BOD, and COD in both September and November, with values ranging from -0.122 to 0.048. The correlation among parameters AN, BOD, and COD is weak; yet, their significance is evident with a p-value of 0.000. Enhancements in pollution from these three metrics are necessary to achieve superior effluent quality in Kampung Selamat.

Keywords: Pig farming; water quality; effluent; open-house system; close-house system

Laser harvesting technology has emerged as a promising approach for efficient and precise harvesting in agricultural settings, particularly in the oil palm industry. The success of this technology relies on the careful selection of optical focal lenses and their ability to optimise laser beams for enhanced performance. This study involved a comprehensive investigation into the characteristics and parameters influencing the selection of suitable nozzle beam optical focal lenses. Experimental setups utilising advanced laser systems were employed to analyse the impact of two nozzle beam configurations such as intensity, focus, and power distribution on the properties of the laser beam. Key objectives include identifying optimal nozzle beam selection strategies that maximise harvesting efficiency while minimizing energy consumption and potential damage to the sample. The use of 1.2 mm nozzle lens led to an average 31% increase in cutting rate compared to the 2.0 mm nozzle lens. The laser power transmitted through this nozzle lens enhanced the cutting accuracy and efficiency, which reduced an average cutting time by 39%. The use of 1.2 mm lenses in this study not only enhances cutting capability but also significantly improves the whole cutting process, highlighting the critical importance of nozzle size selection in optimising laser cutting performance. Overall, the precision and speed achieved demonstrate the effective application of suitable lens selection in laser cutting processes.

Keywords: Laser technology; optical lens; nozzle beam; harvesting technology; oil palm

The aim of this research is to map out existing knowledge regarding the relationship between walkability and built environment studies in order to comprehend global trends in this area within four decades between 1976 and 2022 by using two sophisticated tools called VOSviewer and CiteSpace. The issues on the dependence on motorized transportation has been receiving high attention in this 21st century. Keeping up with the high pace of publications on the holistic knowledge is significant. The bibliometric technique provides a more in-depth understanding of the knowledge and anticipates patterns for future study. This study utilizes the core collection of the Web of Science (WOS) database. The data extraction period is set from 1976 to 2022, yielding 2,004 publications. The results reveal a rapid increase of publications. The USA is the most prominent country in exploring the notion in this field, which is followed by Australia and Canada. Furthermore, the built environment, walking, and physical activity are the highly discussed topic during the four decades. The built environment is an underlying factor for walkability within the macroscale and microscale which affect environment, health, and social aspect. Those factors then influence the willingness of people to walk for their daily needs to their destinations. The findings present a development trend and a rigorous framework, which could help scholars and practitioners further investigate this subject in anticipating future development trends and lead to more advanced research in this field.

Keywords: Bibliometric analysis; CiteSpace; science mapping; the built environment; VOSviewer; walkability

The building sector has a significant impact on how economically and socially a country develops. It boosts economic growth and contributes to the advancement of infrastructure in countries. Despite the positive consequences of the construction field, it frequently comes with several challenges that may lead to material waste, delays, and budget excesses. However, the attempts to find solutions to the waste issues on construction sites have been meagre. Construction waste may be classified as a complicated and multidimensional problem because of its hazy, interconnected nature, which makes it difficult to address. Lean construction techniques are excellent at managing the construction process and could address inefficiencies and non-value-adding processes. The main topics of identifying lean construction principles and practices for eliminating waste in construction projects are explicitly discussed. The appropriate database was used to perform the literature studies. The challenges of labour, supply chain, leadership, and just-in-time (JIT) production were some of the obstacles to executing lean construction. By identifying the pertinent amounts of waste-generating variables and the best tools to use, industry stakeholders may create strategies to manage construction waste more successfully. This paper will make a significant contribution to the field’s understanding of how businesses can better structure lean implementation procedures for long-term success. The education of lean tools deployment is necessary for the workforce, the engagement of stakeholders in utilising lean tools and the fostering of lean culture is required for continuous improvement. This study supports previous literature reviews and other case disciplines that have affirmed the tools of lean construction in boosting effectiveness through the elimination of waste and optimization of resources.

Keywords: Lean construction; lean construction principle; lean tools; waste elimination; review paper

Compression Ignition (CI) engines are highly efficient power sources compared to Spark Ignition (SI) engines and currently play a significant role in the transportation and industrial sectors. However, the engine has constraints with low engine performance, high fuel consumption and emissions levels which require continuous improvement. There are various designs of air intake systems to meet a specific engine operating range, still, there will be less actual amount of fresh charge entering the cylinder compared to the theoretical value due to the short cycle time available. The application of the existing air intake system becomes the main focus since the air resistance presented in the system is causing more pressure drop, reducing volumetric efficiency. This requires a comprehensive review of the patented or commercial air intake devices in proposing an improved air intake manifold design. Swirl in the intake air is an additional characteristic knowingly able to increase the fuel and air mixing rate for better combustion, thus reducing the exhaust gas emissions. However, the air resistance may also reduce the efficiency of the air swirl formed within the intake manifold, thus restricting the potential for combustion improvement. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of swirl air intake in the compression ignition engine due to the continuous issue of emission quality. Differences in intake designs, flow characteristics, numerical study, and other issues associated with engine performance are also thoroughly discussed in this review paper.

Keywords: Compression ignition; intake manifold; swirl air; engine performance; emission

The purpose of this study is to determine how well-suited BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology is for Sabah’s construction sector. Using a digital method called Building Information Modeling (BIM), users may design and oversee dynamic 3D models of construction projects that include details on the materials, budgets, and structures. This study looks at the external factors—technological, such as BIM system capabilities—organizational, such as organizational support for BIM use, and individual, such as knowledge and attitudes about BIM—that affect the adoption of BIM. Using quantitative approaches, thirty BIM practitioners from Sabah’s building industry participated. To evaluate the suggested hypothesis, use partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The study’s findings demonstrate that the impression of BIM’s utility (PU) is only positively impacted by its actual use (AU). On the other hand, BIM adoption is not significantly impacted by other criteria like personal knowledge, organizational support, or the competence of the BIM system. Furthermore, this study discovered that in Sabah’s construction sector, the perceived usefulness (PU) of BIM does not serve as a mediator between perceived ease of use (PEOU) and actual use (AU) of BIM. The study’s findings give JKR and the state government of Sabah a better knowledge of the variables influencing BIM use in Sabah. The results of this study can also serve as a roadmap for creating a more effective strategy for promoting the use of BIM in the construction industry.

Keywords: Building Information Modelling; construction industry; Sabah, PLS-SEM

Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems, which often leads to land degradation worldwide. Determination of factors that cause soil erosion involves an experimental approach that is not only highly cost, time-consuming and needs manpower work at the site but also requires appropriate equipment to perform the test. This study aims to predict soil erodibility factor, ROM scale erodibility index (EI_ROM) and ROM scale category based on slope features, erosion features and rainfall data using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This study involves activities such as identifying the studied slope and rainfall stations, determination of soil erodibility factor, EI_ROM and ROM Scale category, physical assessment of slope and erosion features, rainfall data analysis, identification of significant slope and/or erosion features and/or rainfall data, establishment and validation of the prediction model. The input variables for the prediction model were slope features, erosion features, and rainfall data. Meanwhile, the soil erodibility factor, EI_ROM and ROM scale category were used as the output variables. Determination coefficient (R) has been used to evaluate prediction accuracy for both models. The results revealed that the ANN model successfully predicted the soil erodibility factor, EI_ROM and the ROM scale category with good accuracy and reliability compared to the MLR. Therefore, the ANN model can be used as an alternative tool in soil investigation parameters especially the soil erodibility factor with minimal field work and without laboratory work.

Keywords: Artificial neural network; multiple linear regression; prediction; soil erodibility; erosion features

Construction broadly, the biggest single business around the globe is currently under investigation for using alternatives to traditional materials in order to respect the environment while maximizing cost reduction. Part of that effort encompasses the exploration of innovative materials that are more environmentally-sound than the cement. The aim of the study was to investigate on the workability and durability of concrete by incorporating ferrock contained at varying fractions with dolomite. Ferrock, is the answer to these challenges – it is a binder which is mainly composed of ferrous powder obtained from steel mills waste with small proportions fly ash, and metakaolin. The objective of this study is to assess the use of Ferrock with dolomite in building structures, whilst considering its durability. Such formulations include 60% iron waste, 20% fly ash, 1-7% metakaolin, 8% limestone and 2-8% dolomite. The study employs a combination of compressive, split and flexural tests to find the optimum method that is most economic. The study evaluates the optimal percentage by gradually increasing the substitution of cement with Ferrock, at rates ranging from 3% to 15%. Encouraging results have been observed, particularly in tests assessing the compressive and split tensile strength of cubes and cylinders made from Ferrock produced using locally available materials in Pakistan. According to the test results, the compressive strength and durability of Ferrock concrete are enhanced when 7% Ferrock is added, making it well-suited for use in the building sector. However, further increases in the percentage of Ferrock lead to a reduction in strength.

Key words: Environment, ferrock, dolomite₂, iron scrap, concrete, waste products.

Solar cell efficiency is significantly impacted by operating temperature. As temperature rises, efficiency declines. Fins accelerate heat transfer in PV cooling systems by triggering a change in airflow pattern within the finned area. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of U-grooved fins-mounted module performance with bare module performance. In this study, the performance of the modules mentioned above was measured from 11:00 am to 04:00 pm to compare the electrical efficiencies of both modules. The novelty of this study is that U-grooved fins can reduce the module temperature by dispersing heat through natural convection and, in turn, boost their efficiency. Outdoor testing of two modules was performed to investigate the effects of varying solar irradiance (600-1000W/m2) and ambient temperature (28-38°C) on system performance. The temperature of the bare PV module and the Ugrooved fins attached to the backplate of the PV module were measured and compared at 600, 800, and 1000W/m2. Results indicate that U-grooved fins effectively reduced module temperature by up to 7°C compared to the bare module. This temperature reduction led to a notable 1.5% increase in efficiency and a 45-watt power output enhancement. These findings demonstrate that U-grooved fins are a promising technology for improving the performance and energy yield of PV systems.

Keywords: Passive cooling; PV Performance; U-grooved fins; electrical efficiency; temperature reduction

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the standardized routing protocol for the internet, enabling the exchange of routing information between autonomous systems (ASs). Despite its critical role in ensuring global routing stability and rapid convergence, BGP remains vulnerable to diverse and increasingly sophisticated anomalies, including Hijacking, Denial-Of-Service (DOS), and outages. Although the recent advancements in machine learning (ML) hold promise for accurate BGP anomaly detection, existing publicly available datasets often contain outdated information regarding past cyberattacks, hindering models of novel threats. Furthermore, the network topology criteria are also often neglected for anomaly identification. These shortcomings render inadequate training and robust ML models in BGP security applications. In this work a realistic BGP network topology is modelled to examine the routing behaviour of BGP traffic in the presence of different attack scenarios. We proposed a network simulation that included collecting BGP refreshed data, extracting, testing, and verifying (20) BGP features, and visualizing the features that are most impacted by each cyber-attack scenario based on contrasting the graphic patterns. Additionally, we created and formatted our own datasets to be used as input into a ML detection model. According to statistical analysis, the findings showed that six BGP features were the most significant regarding the effect of BGP cyber-attacks; nine features had moderate significance; seven features were less significant; and two features were found to be unaffected by cyber-attacks. the leveraging of obtained results will assist in building an accurate and efficient ML model for detection BGP anomalies.

Keywords: BGP traffic; network simulation; datasets; cyber-attacks; statistical analysis

The university campus in Guangzhou city, China, are heavily exposed to the sun in the summer, and it is essential to construct a Constant-holistical Shadow (CHS) space that allows university teachers and students to remain in the shadow during their outdoor activities within a certain range of time and during the entire activity period. In this paper, based on the date period in need of shadow for the outdoor activities of university teachers and students in Guangzhou, the CHS spaces under 4 typical orientations, east-west, south-north, southeast-northwest, and northeast-southwest, were simulated by Autodesk Ecotect Analysis. The correlation between the objects blocking the sunlight (sunlight-blockers) and the simulation results is analyzed, to explore the construction and design method of CHS space under the difference of the orientations, and to form a process of designing CHS space that can be applied to different orientations of the building environment. Finally, the feasibility and scientific validity of these methods are simulated and verified step by step using a campus environment in a university in Guangzhou as an example, hoping to provide reference ideas and directions for the planning and design of universities in Guangzhou and its similar latitudes, as well as for the design of buildings and their renovation.

Keywords: Constant-holistical shadow space; roads orientation; architectural design for universities; activity space; Guangzhou City

Ultra High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) is a revolutionary material with an ultra-dense matrix reinforced by adding fine particles and reinforcing fibres. This innovative approach addresses the shortcomings of conventional concrete and gives UHPFRC exceptional compressive and tensile strength. The rise of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has promoted the development of various advanced materials. Graphene nanotubes (GNTs) as nanoscale additives can further enhance the performance of UHPFRC. This paper added 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% graphene nanotubes to UHPFRC. Upon completing 7 and 28 days of curing, the sample’s strength under compression was measured at room temperature (25℃) and high temperatures of 200℃ and 400℃. The objective is to test the performance of UHPFRC under high elevated temperatures. It can be concluded that the temperature ranges from 25℃ to 200℃; the higher the graphene content, the higher its compressive strength. When the specimen is exposed to 200℃ – 400℃, the enhancing impact of graphene on the compressive performance of cement mortar is reduced. A noticeable phenomenon is that the graphene’s strengthening impact on the cement binder demonstrates a trend of first inreasing and then decreasing with the increase in temperature.

Keywords: High temperature; UHPFRC; graphene nanotube

Micro ball grid array (BGA) technology has gained attention due to the increasing density and miniaturization of BGA packages. Underfill is applied to BGA components to protect solder joints from mechanical and thermal stress, and reducing the risk of solder joint failure during thermal cycling test (TCT). Numerous studies have explored underfill materials, processing, and dispensing patterns in BGA components, but less focus on quantitative impact of underfills towards solder joint damage. This study employs stereometric analysis to quantify underfillinduced damage on micro-BGA solder joints after TCT. Micro BGA components on PCBs were compared with underfill (Sample A) and without underfill (Sample B). Each TCT involved four samples from A and B, subjected to same TCT conditions for 500, 750, and 1000 cycles. After each TCT cycle, all samples were analyzed using X-ray imaging, while three underwent dye and pull (DNP) testing and one was prepared for cross-sectional microstructural observation using an optical microscope. ImageJ software was used for stereometric analysis of solder joints postDNP testing, focusing on coverages solder area. After 1000 TCT cycles, three cracks were identified in Sample B at the corners of the solder joint. The coverage area of solder joints with underfill (Sample A) was 30% higher than those without. The results indicate that underfill applications effectively prevent solder joint damage, as no cracks were observed in the micro BGA solder joints with underfill, highlighting its role in enhancing solder joint reliability.

Keywords: Micro ball grid array; crack occurrence; stereometric analysis; thermal cycling test; underfill application

This study examines the effectiveness of different ester fluids (PFAE, FR3, and MIDEL 7131) in preventing sulfur corrosion in power transformers. Through the utilization of techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), tensile strength measurements, and surface resistivity measurements, the degradation of paper and liquid insulations in retrofilled transformers due to sulfur corrosion is assessed. The findings revealed that sulfur corrosion results in the formation of copper sulfide, which degrades paper insulation, leading to decreased tensile strength and surface resistivity values. Notably, retrofilling with PFAE demonstrated a sulfur intensity reduction of 99.57 %, significantly outperforming MIDEL 7131 at 96.02 % and FR3 at 91.61 %, compared to mineral oil’s 80.87 %. SEM-EDX and XRF techniques provided valuable insights into the chemical composition and elemental analysis of the insulation materials, aiding the understanding of sulfur corrosion. The findings of this study are relevant to various transformer types operating under comparable conditions, highlighting the importance of customized retrofilling solutions. Retrofilling with PFAE was found to be the most effective method for reducing sulfur corrosion in power transformers, with MIDEL 7131 and FR3 following in effectiveness. This study provides important insights into the application of ester fluids for retrofilling as a viable strategy to address sulfur corrosion in power transformers. This study highlights the potential of ester fluids for retrofilling to improve transformer performance and longevity while reducing maintenance costs. Further research is recommended to explore the long term effectiveness of ester fluids across different transformer designs and operational environments.

Keywords: Copper sulfide; ester fluids; retrofilling; sulfur corrosion

Blue light, a high-energy wavelength in the visible light spectrum of electromagnetic radiation has recently been shown to be detrimental to human skin. Conventional cytotoxicity assessments on skin cells using manual cell counting or a colourimetric assay are prone to interexaminer variability and time-consuming. Automated image processing could improve precision and streamline data reporting. This study aims to establish a protocol for capturing digital microscopic images of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and employs image processing techniques to extract and analyse morphological changes after blue light exposure. Microscopic digital images of HaCaT cells were captured using a smartphone camera before and after exposure to 5 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2 blue light doses. The images underwent various image processing steps that analyzed cell eccentricity and solidity, while a gold standard procedure, the MTT assay evaluated HaCaT cell viability. Qualitative observations showed that blue light exposure altered HaCaT cell morphology from elliptical and elongated to round. Quantitatively, a higher dose of blue light increased the average cell solidity and reduced the eccentricity value, confirming the shape transition. The MTT assay revealed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. Overall, blue light exposure modifies skin cells, presenting potential risks with prolonged or higher doses. To expedite experiments and bolster accuracy in the future, implementing an automated digital microscopic system relying on a morphological image processing algorithm to identify changes in cell morphology holds promise.

Keywords: Blue light; image processing; morphology; digital image microscopic; keratinocyte cells

Earthquakes are natural disasters that occur suddenly and pose significant risks to buildings. One of the most critical structural components in withstanding earthquake loads is the column. The shape of a column’s cross-section can significantly affect its moment of inertia and the overall strength of the building structure. One effective method to enhance the seismic performance of a structure is through base isolation. This study aims to analyze columns with and without base isolation, utilizing both square and circular column designs. The objective is to determine how much the isolator can reduce earthquake forces by comparing the moment forces, displacements, base shear forces, and drift ratios within the structure. The building model used in this analysis is a four-story structure with a height of 20.95 meters, a length of 100 meters, and a width of 45.50 meters. The isolator employed is a high-damping rubber bearing (HDRB). HDRBs are seismic materials characterized by high stiffness before yielding. The earthquake force analysis was conducted using a static earthquake method based on a response spectrum. The results indicate that the shear force is reduced by 49.3% for square columns and 50.4% for circular columns. The average drift ratio on each floor of the structure using base isolation is 16.5% for square columns and 18.5% for circular columns. Overall, the research findings demonstrate that circular columns equipped with base isolators can more effectively reduce displacement, base shear force, and drift ratio compared to square columns.

Keywords: Square column; circular column; base isolation; SAP2000

The complexity of the Civil Engineering Programme often challenges students, making intervention programmes essential. These programmes provide targeted support and personalized instruction to help students overcome academic obstacles and improve their performance. In addition to addressing academic difficulties, intervention programmes also tackle underlying barriers such as learning difficulties, attention issues, and personal circumstances. One of the intervention programmes is Cantas Gagal. In this study, Cantas Gagal was implemented in the hydraulic engineering course to investigate its impact on student performance. A survey was conducted among 25 students who participated in the programme; assessing their understanding of the intervention, the hydraulic engineering course, and their overall perception. The results indicated high awareness and a willingness to participate in the Cantas Gagal programme. Furthermore, the survey revealed students’ perceived difficulty levels of course topics and subtopics, providing valuable insights for lecturers to design their teaching approaches. Overall, intervention programmes play a crucial role in supporting students academic journey and enabling them to reach their full potential in civil engineering programme.

Keywords: Complexibility; civil engineering programme; intervention; targeted support; cantas gagal; student
performance

Well-structured internship programs play an important role in outcome-based education (OBE) for engineering programs. OBE emphasizes the importance of aligning educational practices with measurable outcomes that internships enhance students’ lifelong learning potential by developing critical skills such as problem-solving, teamwork, and communication. However, identifying and meeting the specific internship placement needs to address those outcomes remains a challenge, where students’ expectations for hands-on experience in the field and the availability of industry placements that disconnect with their academic background. This study focuses on the various industrial types and sectors in providing meaningful work experiences for civil engineering diploma students. The analysis was performed on graduated students’ cohort September 2019 consisting of 121 students and 51 students from cohort 2020. The findings indicated that students preferred to complete their internship in northern region (Perak, Kedah and Pulau Pinang). most students favor completing their internship process with Contractor, likely due to the abundance of opportunities and the practical nature of the work, followed by Federal Government Department/Statutory Body and Consultant. Finally, the gender disparity is shown, where male students dominating private contractor for both type and sector, while female students are giving a competitive number for Federal Government/Statutory Body.

Keywords: Industrial internship; OBE; civil engineering

As time passes, the conditions of the camp where most of the buildings, infrastructures and facilities in the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) become older and require reconstruction or refurbishment. In line with the global development of many personnel and military equipment, most of the existing buildings in military camps need to be improved. Construction delays in government projects have become a norm, and MAF is no exception to this. The delay issues are important to be investigated to minimize the delays. Perhaps some practical rectification needs to be suggested to mitigate delays and improve the performance of construction projects in MAF. The quantitative approach was carried out using a questionnaire survey to relate stakeholders involved in MAF construction projects that can help to achieve the objective of this research. From 100 respondents of MAF construction project stakeholders, 75 respondents replied with a reliability index of Cronbach Alpha of 0.96. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 with ordinal measurement. Pilot studies with 30 respondents were conducted to improve the questionnaire design. Next, Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation was undertaken to list the delays in the appropriate rank and the mean of the element is 266.733. Therefore, it demonstrates the overall respondents approximately agree with the cause of delay listed for MAF construction projects. Out of 65 factors of delays top five were poor coordination, poor communication, poor work supervision, lack of work programming and finally difficulties in project financing with the mean of the delays ranging from 4.85 to 4.76. The study was able to rank the top five mitigation measures to overcome the delays with a mean score of 4.5 and above.

Keywords: Construction delay; mitigation of delay; effects of delay

The response of the bridge to the assessment of flood damage is constrained by a restricted examination of soilspecific vulnerabilities and the hydrodynamic forces linked to local scour. The research study will, consequently, aim to address these knowledge gaps in assessing the structural susceptibility of bridges to flooding in very stiff clay (type B) and medium dense sand (type C) soil. This research aims to analyse the behaviour and response of the bridge model when subjected to varying depths of local scour across different soil types. To accomplish this objective, a three-dimensional numerical model is employed for a standard three-span reinforced concrete bridge. In the conducted experiment, a total of 192 scenarios were simulated, considering four distinct levels of local scour depth across two different soil types. The analytical results indicated a notable increase in pier displacement because of the augmented scour depth. The recorded displacement in medium dense sand exhibited a 42 percent increase because of the rise in scour depth. Consequently, it was determined that the impact of erosion caused by flooding on bridges spanning rivers must be accounted for when designing the bridge’s foundation.

Keywords: Scour depth; displacement; water level; velocities; foundation

This paper proposes a new quantitative algorithm to evaluate the structural robustness of moment-resisting steel frame structures against progressive collapse. The objective of the study is to enhance existing assessment methods by introducing two new damage criteria: the total number of remaining overstressed members and the mean change in Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR) before and after pre-selected column removal. The methodology involves using SAP2000 software for structural design and MATLAB for algorithm development. A ten-storey steel frame structure serves as the case study, analysing a total of 180 column removal scenarios. Key findings indicate that the proposed algorithm effectively identifies critical column locations that significantly affect the structure’s collapse potential. Nonlinear dynamic implicit analysis using ABAQUS further investigates these critical scenarios, examining displacement and energy changes under various column removal rates and locations. The conclusions demonstrate that this quantitative approach provides a robust framework for evaluating the progressive collapse potential of steel frame structures, offering valuable insights for future structural design and safety assessments.

Keywords: Progressive collapse analysis; steel frame structures; alternate load path; removal time; column removal

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) performance monitoring is essential for safety and efficient flight operation. The propeller, a key element in flying performance, is the focus of our research. As a vital part of the Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) UAV flight mechanism, propeller failure could lead to hazardous incidents and increased maintenance costs. This paper introduces a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) development for the VTOL UAV propeller faulty classification system using the MATLAB Design App. The GUI, designed, enables the identification of different propeller conditions based on time-domain and frequency-domain acoustical features. Users can select their preferred features for faulty prediction using a specified supervised machine learning algorithm. Our study demonstrates that the GUI for propeller faulty classification can provide fast and highaccuracy real-time flying performance insights, significantly improving the efficiency of monitoring work in UAV technology and aviation safety.

Keywords: Acoustic; VTOL UAV; machine learning; GUI

This study investigates the issue of soil erosion which, a persistent threat to ecosystem stability. In this study, the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was integrated with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and a Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) to determine annual soil erosion and sediment yield within the Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) catchment. The necessary information parameters for the model were generated, such as soil erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), land cover (C), and practise of land management (P) by preparing varied input datasets in ArcGIS software. The final maps were calculated through applying raster calculator in ArcGIS. The results reveal that in 2016, the study area experienced high soil loss at a rate of 1.5328 ton/ha/year, accompanied by a notable sediment yield of 0.5324 ton/ha/ year. However, significant progress in erosion management was observed by 2021, leading to a reduced annual soil loss rate of 0.9437 ton/ha/year and a lower sediment yield of 0.3278 ton/ha/year. The findings highlight a positive correlation between soil erosion and sediment yield, underscoring the direct relationship between these two variables. Generally, valuable insights from these findings can be gained for effective erosion management and conservation strategies in the region.

Keywords: Soil erosion; GIS; RUSLE; SDR; sediment yield

Artificial intelligence (AI) has long been applied in agriculture and has become especially prevalent in recent years. AI especially deep learning technique have progressed to have much stronger learning ability to learn more useful features to handle even more complicated task in the field of precision agriculture. Challenges in agriculture such as disease, infestation, inadequate irrigation and soil treatment, and poor crop management have brought about crop losses and adverse effects on the environment. Not to mention, the ever-increasing demand of agricultural product due to the increasing global population and the limited amount of arable land. To be overcome, those challenges need innovative approaches, ones that could benefit from AI’s flexibility, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and generally superior efficiency. AI technology whose aim is to mimic the ability of humans to solve problems especially in decision making enables agricultural activities to be done more efficiently while reducing human interference. The use of AI in agriculture has evolved from the application of fuzzy logic, then into machine learning and deep learning. Some deep learning methods that have been applied in precision agriculture are convolutional neural network, transformer learning, meta deep learning, and lightweight deep learning. This paper presents a review of 100 research papers addressing the application of AI in overcoming challenges in agriculture from the year 2000 to 2023. The paper selection for this review paper is done by using the SALSA method to effectively identify relevant research papers. In the near future, AI will be ubiquitous in the global agricultural sector and will bring about new technologies, new knowledge, and endless possibilities.

Keywords: Fuzzy logic; artificial neural network; deep learning

Temporary accommodations for construction workers are often plagued by issues such as overcrowded living conditions, inadequate sanitation, and neglected safety standards, compounded by a lack of basic amenities that significantly heighten the physical and mental stress experienced by workers. Addressing these issues is crucial for improving workers’ welfare and enhancing the efficiency of the construction sector. This study focuses on analysing and comparing the guidelines and practices of centralized labour quarters (CLQ) in Malaysia, Singapore, and Qatar. Adopting a qualitative research approach, it uses document analysis as the primary instrument to examine official documents such as guidelines, regulations, and reports published by ministries and government agencies in each country. The findings highlight that Malaysia faces notable challenges in enforcing existing regulations and providing additional amenities to meet workers’ welfare needs adequately. In contrast, Singapore stands out as a model of best practices, with high standards of welfare supported by the integration of advanced technologies in managing labour accommodations. Qatar, despite a history of international criticism, has demonstrated significant improvements through labour reforms; however, reports of worker exploitation persist, indicating the need for further enhancements. This study underscores the importance of Malaysia adopting lessons from Singapore’s welfare standards and Qatar’s recent reforms. Recommendations include strengthening the enforcement of CLQ regulations, enhancing living conditions by incorporating more amenities, leveraging technology to improve management efficiency, and learning from international best practices. By doing so, Malaysia can elevate its CLQ standards, ultimately benefiting workers’ welfare and boosting the overall productivity of the construction industry.

Keywords: Centralized labour quarters; construction industry; construction workers; project management

As various faculties and governments issued critical statements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, effectively reducing carbon emissions from vehicles can have large ecological and economic benefits. The use of aluminium alloys in the design and manufacture of automobiles can effectively reduce the weight of automobiles and thus reduce carbon emissions. Aluminium composites have better mechanical properties than traditional aluminium alloys and can be used in more environments. In this paper, it is found that the addition of TiB₂ particles in the casting process of ZL205A aluminium alloy can effectively refine the grain size, which refined from the traditional ZL205A aluminium alloy of 195um, to 162um (0.1wt.% TiB₂), 148um (0.5wt.% TiB₂), 134um (1wt.% TiB₂), 122um(2wt.% TiB₂), 120um (3wt.% TiB₂). The fabricated ZL205A/ TiB₂ composites have better mechanical properties. Especially when TiB₂ reaches 2wt.%, Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), Yield Strength (YS), Elongation (EL) and wear resistance reach the maximum value. However, when TiB₂ further reaches 3 wt.%, the mechanical properties show a decline compared to the 2 wt.% TiB₂ specimens. This may be due to the occurrence of agglomeration of excess TiB₂ . In future studies, more advanced analytical methods and equipment would be used to further analyse the strengthening mechanism of TiB₂ on ZL205A.

Keywords: ZL205A; TiB₂; composite; mechanical properties; in-situ

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are a cutting-edge technology for converting chemical energy into electrical energy, offering exceptional efficiency and compatibility with renewable energy systems, making them integral to sustainable energy solutions. This study addresses a specific gap in the research of single-channel planar electrolyte-supported SOFC models, which face challenges in achieving accurate simulations through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) due to limited studies and inherent modelling complexities. The primary objective of this work is to develop and validate planar electrolyte-supported model using advanced CFD techniques. A comprehensive grid independence test was conducted, confirming the reliability of the simulation with the current output stabilizing at 121,176 elements with 0.73V. Further analysis revealed that reducing the node distance along the y-axis (reaction direction axis) significantly influenced the current output, showing variations of 19-21% percentage difference, compared to less than 5% along the x-axis (perpendicular direction to fuel direction axis) and z-axis (fuel direction axis). To enhance the model’s reliability, its results were validated against findings from other studies using different SOFC design model and criteria but sharing similar concepts, with comparisons incorporating both simulation and experimental data. These validations confirmed the model’s high accuracy and reliability. The findings establish planar electrolytesupported SOFC model as a reliable and valuable design for advancing research, enabling performance optimization, and addressing the challenges of sustainable energy technologies. Furthermore, by considering time and cost, this simulation study can be a reference in predicting the performance of future SOFC research.

Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cell; planar electrolyte-supported; modelling; computational fluid dynamics; grid independence test

The research is to investigate the effect of B10 biodiesel-blends from Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) and Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JME) on the fuel properties and diesel engine performance. Tests have been carried out to measure the fuel properties of the blended fuels (J10D90, P10D90, and J5P5D90) such as density, kinematic viscosity and calorific value compared with D100 pure diesel as base fuel. The experiments were performed with single cylinder four-stroke diesel engine at constant engine load of 3 Nm and variation engine speeds from 1000 to 3000 rpm at 500 rpm interval, thus to obtain the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The results of fuel properties show that blend J10D90 have the highest density and kinematic viscosity which were 3% and 4% higher than base fuel respectively. The result shows that BSFC is increased with the increase of density and kinematic viscosity. The BSFC increased 16% when engine fuelled with J10D90 as compared with base fuel at 3000 rpm and constant engine load of 3Nm. In contrast, BTE is decreased 20% as compared with base fuel at same engine test condition. This is due to high viscosity which led to poor fuel atomization and mixing process. Inconclusion, the blending of fossil fuel with PME and JME led to changes in several fuel properties which significantly improved the engine performance.

Keywords: B10; PME; JME; fuel properties; diesel engine

Suspension coil springs of ground vehicles are exposed to random excitations, leading to the complication of fatigue failure after a certain service period. Therefore, durability prediction is essential to prevent the failure of coil springs. However, random road excitations are highly complex data and often require a large sample of loading histories to statistically represent the actual loading conditions. Hence, advanced signal processing techniques are used to obtain useful information related to fatigue events in the loading histories, reducing the duration of analysis. This study aims to characterise the fatigue damage of coil spring through the wavelet energy parameter of vibration loading. In this study, wavelet transform was selected to process the random road load data collected from road tests. The car test was conducted on various roads to collect various loading data for the coil spring. Using wavelet transform, the time-frequency information of the signals was converted into wavelet coefficients in the form of a scalogram. Subsequently, wavelet energy was determined from the wavelet coefficients and correlated to the fatigue damage in the strain loading histories. Results showed that high wavelet energy are closely related to large-amplitude events, which eventually contribute to significant fatigue damage. Thus, it becomes possible to identify large-amplitude cycles due to strong road excitations, which have significant fatigue impact, using wavelet analysis. This approach can improve the efficiency of durability analysis by extracting the high-damaging sections from the loading histories.

Keywords: Durability; coil spring; road excitation; wavelet transform

For improving movie recommendation schemes, this study is targeting to overcome dilemmas like data sparsity and cold start issues, which can limit the relevance and accuracy of recommendations. Progressive tactics are introduced by merging Count Vectorization, Cosine Similarity, Truncated SVD, Linear SVC for sentiment analysis, and Linear Regression for rating prediction, whose objective is to tackle the complications faced by conventional movie recommendation systems, finally gaining superior accuracy as well as finesse in both recommendation and sentiment analysis tasks. In this paper, it explores the challenges of hyperparameter tuning in machine learning, particularly the shortfalls of traditional methods -Grid Search and Randomized Search. Here it inspects progressive techniques as well, such as Bayesian optimization and Optuna, which improve model performance by optimizing hyperparameters more proficiently and reducing computational costs. The proposed methodology governs remarkable effectiveness in overcoming data sparsity and cold start anomalies, plus achieving superior accuracy in recommendations and finesse in sentiment analysis. by achieving an accuracy of 99.87%. scores, The Optuna-optimized LinearSVC model reveals outstanding sentiment classification abilities. at macro and micro levels, this performance is highlighted by its flawless precision, recall, and F1-score, which highlights its accuracy and balanced classification across all classes. Same way, showcasing robust regression performance, the Optuna-optimized LinearSVR model attained a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.596 and a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.7245. These metrics indicate that the model provides accurate continuous predictions with minimal error. This study makes a noteworthy growth in movie recommendation systems, promising notable evolutions in accuracy and sophistication, flagging the way for future developments in the field.

Keywords: Movie recommendation; sentiment analysis; singular value decomposition; hyperparameter tuning; optuna optimization; LinearSVC; LinearSVR